Measurement of Detergency

Subtract -Triton values from + Triton values for measure of detergent-stimulated latency. 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

A number of excellent studies have used a variety of radiolabeled sods to iavestigate the removal of small amounts of colorless sods such as ods (102—104). By proper use of different radiolabels (such as and " C), the preferential removal of various components ia a sod mixture can be followed. In these cases ia particular, detergency can also be calculated from measurements of the amount of radioactivity that is removed from the fabric and is found ia the wash Hquor. 

One concerned with the measurement of gas-hquid interfacial tension should consult the useful reviews of methods prepared by Harkius [in Chap. 9 of Weissberger, Techniques of Organic Chemstry, 2d ed., vol. I, part 2, Interscience, New York, 1949), Schwartz and coauthors [Suiface Active Agents, vol. I, Interscience, New York, 1949, pp. 263-271 Suiface Active Agents and Detergents, vol. 2, Interscience, New York, 1958, pp. 389—391, 417—418], and by Adamson [Physical Chemistry of Suifaces, Interscience, New York, I960]. 

The gravity measurements of the pelobischofite and appropriate compositions detergency showed the essential increase of this parameter for pelobischofite-surfactant mixtures. Thus the washing power of pelobischofite-surfactant solutions with concentration 0,1% was 90%. Erom another hand, similar detergency of bischofite-surfactant mixtures was reached for 1% solutions only. 

Spectrophotometric methods may often be applied directly to the solvent extract utilising the absorption of the extracted species in the ultraviolet or visible region. A typical example is the extraction and determination of nickel as dimethylglyoximate in chloroform by measuring the absorption of the complex at 366 nm. Direct measurement of absorbance may also be made with appropriate ion association complexes, e.g. the ferroin anionic detergent system, but improved results can sometimes be obtained by developing a chelate complex after extraction. An example is the extraction of uranyl nitrate from nitric acid into tributyl phosphate and the subsequent addition of dibenzoylmethane to the solvent to form a soluble coloured chelate. 

Human skin compatibility has a high priority in manual dishwashing detergents. Recently, it was shown that there are some new possibilities to lower the Zein number by intelligent formulations. The Zein number is a common measure of the denaturation of protein under controlled conditions [84], A better... 

Almost all man-made fibres destined for sale as white goods are producer-brightened by the manufacturer and white textiles are almost always laundered using detergents containing cellulose-substantive FBAs [20]. To evaluate an FBA it is necessary both to apply the product to the desired substrate and to measure the whiteness of the treated material. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of the FBA-treated substrate provides useful additional, although different, information. 

Hayashi, M., Sasaki, T. (1956) Measurements of solubilities of sparingly soluble liquids in water and aqueous detergent solutions using nonionic surfactant. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 29, 857. 

Avigad and Milner224 used a turbidimetric method based on the measurement of residual turbidity caused by complexing the acid polysaccharide with such quaternary ammonium detergents as cetyl-pyridinium bromide. The activity unit was expressed as the amount of enzyme bringing about a decrease of absorbance at 400 nm of 0.01/min. 

Fig. 3.10 gives an overview of major measuring parameters, using the European machine type as an example. Turbidity in the suds mainly depends on the type of detergent as well as the amount of dirt and fluff in relation to the amount of water added, as shown in the upper part of the diagram. 

The required concentration of detergency is extremely important in the field of washing machines and detergency. Two kinds of monitoring methods can be distinguished - direct determination of active substances in the washing liquor and indirect methods, which rely on the measurement of masses and flows. 

The concentration of detergents in the washing liquor can also be determined by measuring their conductivity [80]. Due to the influence of water hardness and soil the accuracy is limited. 

The basis for this latest development was a displacement sensor designed by Micro-Epsilon. The sensor combines unbalance detection and measuring of the load in a single sensor module. With the information provided by the sensor, the electronic controller of the machine detects the laundry load and suggests to the user the required amount of detergent Moreover the necessary amount of water is controlled. By sensing the unbalance of the drum, the number of revolutions... 

Sulphuric acid is an important industrial chemical. It has been said that the output of sulphuric acid is a measure of the wealth of a country, as it is used in the manufacture of fertilisers, detergents, pigments and fibres, amongst many other products. In the first stage of the process, sulphur is burned to produce sulphur dioxide. 

The water-splitting activity of detergent-solubilized and AP-trapped PS2 reaction centers was measured using a Clark electrode. As shown in Figure 4, differences between the two types of samples were minimal, with a slight decrease of activity when the pH of the P-DM solution was shifted to pH 8 and a moderate increase following addition of A8-35, dilution below the CMC of p-DM and treatment with BioBeads. 

Walsh The kinase binds to actin in the isolated state with a Kj of about 0.8 //M and to myofilaments with a Kof about 0.1 /tM. No measurements of the on- and off-rates have been made, however. In situ, most importantly, MLCK appears to be permanently bound since it does not dissociate from detergent-treated smooth muscle tissues, implying that the off-rate in situ is extremely slow or zero. 

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