Triton Value

Subtract -Triton values from + Triton values for measure of detergent-stimulated latency. 

Nemours Co., Triton Value (called in literature TNT value) indicates the number of grams of TNT that will impart the same amount of swing to the Du Pont ballistic pendulum as lOg of a test explosive. Thus a Triton value of 10.9 signifies that 10g of a test explosive is equivalent in effect to 10.9g of TNT. On dividing 10 by 10.9 and multiplying the result by 100, the value of 92.7 is obtained, which indicates that the tested expl is 92.7% as strong as TNT... 

The ratios of these slopes for L- and D-esters are shown in Table 12. The kL/kD values of the acylation step in the CTAB micelle are very close to those in Table 9, as they should be. It is interesting to note that the second deacylation step also occurs enantioselectively. Presumably it is due to the deacylation ocurring by the attack of a zinc ion-coordinated hydroxide ion which, in principle, should be enantioselective as in the hydroxyl group of the ligand. Alternatively, the enantioselectivity is also expected when the free hydroxide ion attack the coordinated carbonyl groups of the acyl-intermediate with the zinc ion. At any rate, the rates of both steps of acylation and deacylation for the L-esters are larger than those for the D-esters in the CTAB micelle. However, in the Triton X-100 micelle, the deacylation step for the D-esters become faster than for the L-esters. 

The surface active agents (surfactants) may be cationic, anionic or non-ionic. Surfactants commonly used are cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTABr), sodium lauryl sulphate (NaLS) and triton-X, etc. The surfactants help to lower the surface tension at the monomer-water interface and also facilitate emulsification of the monomer in water. Because of their low solubility surfactants get fully dissolved or molecularly dispersed only at low concentrations and at higher concentrations micelles are formed. The highest concentration where in all the molecules are in dispersed state is known as critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC values of some surfactants are listed in table below. 

DNA and/or protein vaccine entrapment in DRV liposomes is monitored by measuring the vaccine in the suspended pellet and combined supernatants. The most convenient way to monitor DNA entrapment is by using radio-labelled or DNA. For protein entrapment, the use of I-labelled protein tracer is recommended. If a radiolabel is not available or cannot be used, appropriate quantitative techniques should be employed. To determine DNA or protein by such techniques, a sample of the liposome suspension is mixed with Triton X-100 (up to 5% final concentration) or, preferably, with isopropanol (1 1 volume ratio) so as to liberate the entrapped materials. However, if Triton X-100 or the solubilized liposomal lipids interfere with the assay of the materials, liposomal lipids or the DNA must be extracted using appropriate techniques (6). Entrapment values for protein and DNA, whether alone or coentrapped, range between about 20% to 80% (protein) and 30%i to 100%i (DNA) of the initial material depending on the DNA or protein used and, in the case of DNA, the presence or absence of cationic charge. Values are highest for DNA when it is entrapped into cationic DRV (typical values in Table 1). 

Fig. 3.15 ASSWV of Cd +. Dependence of inverse values of aceumulation times which correspond to the minima of (7p vs. 4oo) curves (shown in Fig. 3.14) on the standard additions of Triton X-100. Experimental eonditions as in Fig. 3.14 (reprinted from [247] with permission)...

Rubredoxin is an electron-transfer protein with an Fe(IlI)/Fe(lI) redox couple at -0.31 V (SCE) in water (20). Our peptide model, [Fe( Cys-Pro-Leu-Cys-OMe)2] (Z = benzyloxycarbonyl) (21) exhibits its Fe(lll)/Fe(ll) redox couple at -0.50 V (SCE) in Mc2SO (9). This is similar to the value observed for the native protein when the difference of the solvent is taken into account. When the model complex is solubilized in water by formation of micelles with addition of the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-KX), we also observed a quasi-reversible redox couple at -0.37 V (SCE) (5). The Fe(lll) complexes of Cys-X-Y-Cys peptides also exhibit a characteristic MCD band at 350 nm due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer which has also been found in oxidized rubredoxin (4). 

Triton X-100 has proved to be of great value in the surface dilution modeb for lipolytic enzyme action. In this experimental strategy, the surface concentration of phospholipid in mixed micelles is reduced by the addition of Triton as a neutral diluent, thereby increasing the average distance between phospholipids. This allows one to draw mechanistic inferences about the binding interactions of lipases and phospholipases with their lipid sub-stratesb... 

The values of so-called Figure of Merit (gas volume times heat of explosion) are given for Astrolite A-I-5 as 1600, while for Astrolite C as 1175, in comparison with TNT 675, Tritonal 792 RDX 1162. 

Triton X-100, EDTA, dithiothreitol and electrolyte protect enzyme in dilute solution and against denaturation by heat or extreme pH-values [12, 48] <2>, at low dithioerythritol concentrations enzyme tends to aggregate [5] <2>, bovine serum albumin, 1 mg/ml, stabilizes dilute enzyme solutions [5] <2>, diadenosine pentaphosphate, i.e. AP5A, stabilizes during preparative electrophoresis [7]... 

A new detergent, Triton-101, in association with p-xylene is used for the suspension of 10 ml. of water with a Y value of approximately 0.5 nCi/liter. The application of a new instrumental technique with three photomultipliers decreases further the Y value of both mixtures. A Teflon cylinder with a volume of 250-300 ml. is used as sample container for low level counting with a Y value of approximately 0.2 nCi/liter. Selected results of samples collected during 1967 are reported, and the radiation dose to the population of the United States from tritium is estimated to be approximately 0.2 mrem./year. 

Many successful suspension counting systems have been reported where water is suspended in a scintillation mixture by a detergent. Van der Laarse (8) reported a system consisting of 4 ml. of water and 16 ml. of a mixture of toulene containing 4 grams PPO, 0.3 gram POPOP/liter mixed with Triton X-100 in a ratio of 55 25. He obtained a counting efficiency of 21% and a Y-value of 1.3 nCi/liter. 

Sodatol, 80/20-Amatol, 60/40-TNN/TNT, 65/35-TNT/GuN and Tridite, are also reported) 7a)R.A.Connor et al, OSRD Rept 5406(1945), 15 17-l9(Rifle bullet test values for HBX, Minol-2, Torpex-2, TNT Tritonal) 8)E.H.Eyster ... 

As metallic A1 is insoluble in liq TNT, 80/20 Tritonal does not begin to melt until the mp of TNT is reached. It has a heat of combustion value of 4480cal/g at const press, as compared to 3590cal/g for TNT. The thermal conductivity of Tritonal at 0° is twice that of TNT, Like TNT, it undergoes considerable expansion on melting and contraction on freezing. The solubility char acteristics of Tritonal are those of TNT, and it is essentially nonhygroscopic... 

Although the friction pendulum test shows no measurable difference in sensitivity between Tritonal and TNT, impact tests indicate Tritonal to be somewhat more sensitive to impact than TNT and less so than Tetryl. The rifle bullet impact test value for Tritonal is more similar to that of Tetryl than that of TNT. The expln temp test value of Tritonal (470°) is almost identical with that of TNT... 

The brisance of Tritonal is 100% of that of TNT, as judged by sand test values, but plate dent tests indicate it to be only 93% and fragmentation tests of shell charges show it to be but 91% as brisant as TNT. The rate of detonation of cast Tritonal is approx 97% that of cast TNT. The heat of expln of Tritonal is 60% greater than that of TNT, but Tritonal is only 124% as powerful, as measured by the ballistic pendulum test. When tested for blast effect, Tritonal has relative peak pressure and positive impulse values of 113 and 118%, respectively, of those for TNT... 

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