Measurement displacement determination

Basically, the optical method uses equipment such as alignment telescopes, jig transits, and sight levels. Instruments with built-in optical micrometers for measuring displacements from a referenced line of sight enable an accurate determination of target movements, which are mounted on the machine. 

In XRF, an X-ray beam or gamma rays are used to displace electrons from the inner orbitals of elements. When electrons fall into these orbitals, replacing the removed electrons, photons of specific wavelengths and energy are emitted, detected, and measured to determine which elements are present. The X-rays used in XRF do not penetrate deeply and so elements on the surface of the sample are measured, while those in the interior may not be detected [3],... 

The equation of Heckel has been discussed again and again. One main issue of critique is that pharmaceutical powders are not purely plastically deforming materials and thus particle size and deformation mechanisms influence the derived parameters [129, 130]. Already very small errors in displacement determination or the measurement of true density can induce huge errors in the derived parameters [75-77, 129, 131, 132], Spnnergaard [126] referred the equation of Walker and Bal shin for his characterization of materials. He criticized further that the yield strength derived from the Heckel equation is directly dependent on the true density of the powders [127]. 

The latter quantity is usually determined phenomenologically by measuring displacements of crude oil with carbon dioxide (or other injection fluid) from a long capillary tube (i.e., "slim tube") at a series of successively higher pressures. A plot of displaced oil versus pressure usually has a break at about 95-percent recovery, which is taken as the "minimum miscibility pressure." Often this is not a true miscibility in the correct thermodynamic sense. For example, many crudes contain asphaltenes that precipitate and do not dissolve even after a series of theoretical "multiple contacts" between the crude and the propagating mixture of injection fluid and non-asphaltenic components of the crude. 

Measurements of Tj have been made (269,270) to probe the structure of the second coordination sphere around Cr(acac)3. Acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride were chosen as second sphere ligands. The shortening of their Tj values is found to be independent of solute concentration, and the value measured is determined by the diffusional correlation time of the solute molecule. No detectable second coordination sphere therefore exists in these solvents. However, methanol forms a discrete second sphere, and above a certain concentration the measured Ty values vary linearly with solute concentration. The observed Tj values are compatible with a model having a coordination number of 8, a Cr-CH3 separation of 700 pm, and an equilibrium constant for displacing solvent (CHCI3) of ca. 10. This equilibrium constant value is consistent with values previously... 

The above results showed that two salt effects on firmness could be separated from each other. The influence on firmness of the Ca" " displacement action could be measured by determining the relative firmness, compared to unsoaked beans given a normalized value of 100, when cooked snap beans were equilibrated with a monovalent salt solution (J2.) by soaking at 1°C for 3 days. As the concentration of NaCl In the soak solution was Increased, Figure 1, the pod firmness decreased. But even at rather high concentrations of NaCl the... 

The curvature/strain modes method hold the promise of detecting damage from the processing of experimental data without a structural model. The premise of the method is that damage in thin-wall structures induces local discontinuities that affect strongly the curvature of the flexural modes of the structure [71]. The curvamre of the modes (i.e. the curvature modes) can be determined through space-wise double differentiation of the measured displacement/velocity/acceleration modes. They can be also measured directly with surface mounted strain gauges. 

The province of conventional dielectric measurements is here taken to be the determination of the relations of the polarization E and current density J. to the electric field in the macroscopic Maxwell equations. Proper theory should account for these relations in condensed phases as a function of state variables time dependence of applied fields and molecular parameters by appropriate statistical averaging over molecular displacements determined by the equations of motion in terms of molecular forces and fields. Simplifying assumptions and approximations are of course necessary. One kind often made and debated is use of an effective or mean local field at a molecule rather than the sum of microscopic... 

We will now focus on the failure of the transparent conductor (ITO). A tensile test is used in combination with resistance measurements to determine the critical failure strain of the brittle transparent conductor (ITO) on the polymer substrate. The strain, determined directly from the displacement of the clamps is systemically too high. To circumvent this problem the displacement can be measured on the sample. 

Ultrasonic devices can also be used to measure displacements under sodium as a means of checking structural integrity. The distance between two reflectors can be determined to within less than 1 mm by measuring the time of flight of ultrasonic pulses between them and... 

Direct determination of the magnitude of the limiting value of static coefficient of polymers is a difficult,if not an impossible, task. One of the reasons is that the variation of friction with speed has an asymptotic nature as the speed tends to zero. The other reason is that it is difficult to decide precisely when the relative motion conwiences relative motion of points within the real area of contact has to be observed. Measuring displacements at other points, introduces additional difficulties since the time dependent creep properties of the material have to be accounted with. The limiting value of the coefficient of friction may be expressed more conveniently in an asymptotic form rather than in the original form. 

Hydrocarbon-water contact movement in the reservoir may be determined from the open hole logs of new wells drilled after the beginning of production, or from a thermal decay time (TDT) log run in an existing cased production well. The TDT is able to differentiate between hydrocarbons and saline water by measuring the thermal decay time of neutrons pulsed into the formation from a source in the tool. By running the TDT tool in the same well at intervals of say one or two years (time lapse TDTs), the rate of movement of the hydrocarbon-water contact can be tracked. This is useful in determining the displacement in the reservoir, as well as the encroachment of an aquifer. 

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