Measurement and analysis

Verma N 0 and Fessenden R W 1976 Time resolved ESR spectroscopy. IV. Detailed measurement and analysis of the ESR time profile J. Chem. Phys. 65 2139-60... 

B. G. Liptak, Instrument Engineers Handbook—Process Measurement and Analysis, 3rd ed., Chilton Book Co., Radnor, Pa., 1995, pp. 523—601. 

Pump vibration measurements and analysis of the ampHtude—frequency spectmm have led to the deterrnination of possible equipment ailments. Examples of frequency relationships to particular pump vibration problems are available (62). Eor example, a one-time (lx) frequency corresponding to a mnning speed usually indicates the presence of rotor unbalance, a 2 x peak may mean a bent shaft, and a - O.dx may be a symptom of an oil whip at the sleeve bearing. 

If the problem were accurately known, identification of which measurements should be taken would be exact. When the problem is initially not accurately known, the identification, measurement, and analysis procedure is iterative. Famiharity with the plant will help in identifying the measurements most likely to provide insight. 

J. C. Stover. Optical Scattering Measurement and Analysis. McGraw-Hill,... 

Two main methods have been used to measure the charge carrier mobility in electroluminescent polymers time of flight (TOF) carrier transit time measurements and analysis of the current-voltage (1-V) characteristics of single carrier devices in the space charge-limited current (SCLC) regime. A summary of the results for the hole mobility of PPV and PPV-related polymers is given in Table 11-1 [24, 27-32]. For... 

Quality control is intended to monitor and evaluate the performances of both food and human processes that contribute to food quality. The basic principle of this function is the control circle that involves (1) the taking of a process sample by the analysis or measuring unit, (2) determining whether process results meet set tolerances or limits, (3) judging the character and level of any discrepancy, and (4) application of corrective action to adjust the system to an acceptable level (Figure 7.1.1). A distinction is made between measuring and analysis, whereby the first involves direct measurements (e.g., pH, temperature) and the second involves taking samples, sample preparation, and actual analysis. ... 

Determination of appropriate measuring and analysis methods. Decisions must be made on the selection of appropriate and available measuring and or analytical equipment and tools. The characteristics of the methods must be discussed in terms of specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity of the methods, and locations of measuring and/or sampling (off-line, at-line, on-line, in-line, non-invasive). 

Determination of appropriate measuring and analysis methods Assessment of standards and acceptable tolerances Interpretation of test results... 

Lipak, B. G. (2003) Instrument Engineers Handbook, Vol 1 Process Measurement and Analysis, 4th edn (CRC... 

An advantage of NMR spectroscopy is the analysis of protein dynamics. Measurement and analysis of the relaxation parameters R1 R2, and the 15N NOE of 15N-labeled proteins leads to an order parameter (S2) that can describe the relative mobility of the backbone of the protein. Both collagenase-1 and stromelysin-1 have been studied either as inhibited complexes or the free protein [19, 52], Stromleysin-1 was studied with inhibitors binding to prime or nonprime subsites. Presence or absence of inhibitors in the nonprime sites had minor effects on the highly ordered structure of residues in these subsites, which are in contact with the... 

Experiments Sample Preparation, Mass Spectra Measurement and Analysis... 

Similar measurements and analysis have been carried out for the red solution. In this case the concentration of polymer in the chloroform-hexane solvent is limited to less than 4 x 10 r.u./cm. Therefore, the errors for y t and Y"t are larger than in the case of the yellow solution. In addition, the absorption band of the red solution is shifted to the red with respect to that of the yellow solution. Therefore, 2(i)j can only be extended up to 32 000 cm l. 

Our experience to-date suggests that current measurement and analysis techniques allow the reliable detection of variations in the atmospheric C02 content of 30 percent or more. Our first measurements have been made on samples covering the last 30,000 years, a period of major climatic change which might possibly have led to a change in the atmospheric C02 content. Ice cores... 

In America, researchers at the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, have developed the measurement and analysis of tree ring widths using a score or so of trees in each stand to provide pluviometric maps versus time, and find that these maps have to be established separately for each region and for each set of trees, so that we can not look to ring width records versus time for information about the cyclic evolution of climate. 

The investigations were performed on a 5.2 km gravity sewer line in Denmark. A series of 29 corresponding upstream and downstream samples were taken according to procedure 4 and exposed to OUR measurements and analysis following procedures 1 to 3. Six of the samples (three originating from a summer period and three from a winter period) were used for determination of parameters that were considered universal for all 29 samples. The rest of the samples (11 from a summer period and 12 from a winter period) were used for validation. 

Russ JC. Computer-Assisted Microscopy. The Measurement and Analysis of Images, Plenum Press, New York, 1990. 

P. Tomlins, Code of practice for the measurement and analysis of creep in plastics, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, NPL MMS 002, 1996. 

Jameson D. M., Gratton E. and Hall R. D. (1984) The Measurement and Analysis of Heterogeneous Emissions by Multi-frequency Phase and Modulation Fluorometry, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 20, 55—... 

In this chapter we discuss the measurement and analysis of simple epitaxial stractures. After showing how to select the experimental conditions we show how to derive the basic layer parameters the composition of ternaries, mismatch of quaternaries, misorientation, layer thickness, tilt, relaxation, indications of strain, curvature and stress, and area homogeneity. We then discuss the hmitations of the simple interpretation. 

In general, scattering of thermal neutrons yields information on the sample by measurement and analysis of the double differential cross section ... 

In addition to structural information, Li MAS NMR Tz relaxation measurements and analysis of Li line shapes have been used to probe the dynamics of the lithium ions. Holland et al. identified two different species with different mobilities (interfacial Li (longer Tz, rapid dynamics) and intercalated lithium (shorter Tz, slower dynamics)) in the elec-trochemically lithiated V2O5 xerogel matrix. Li hopping frequencies were extracted from an analysis of the Li line widths and the appearance of a quadru-polar splitting as the temperature decreased in a related system. ... 

Figure 5. Measurement and analysis of steady-state i— V characteristics, (a) Following subtraction of ohmic losses (determined from impedance or current-interrupt measurements), the electrode overpotential rj is plotted vs ln(i). For systems governed by classic electrochemical kinetics, the slope at high overpotential yields anodic and cathodic transfer coefficients (Ua and aj while the intercept yields the exchange current density (i o). These parameters can be used in an empirical rate expression for the kinetics (Butler—Volmer equation) or related to more specific parameters associated with individual reaction steps.(b) Example of Mn(IV) reduction to Mn(III) at a Pt electrode in 7.5 M H2SO4 solution at 25 Below limiting current the system obeys Tafel kinetics with Ua 1/4. Data are from ref 363. (Reprinted with permission from ref 362. Copyright 2001 John Wiley Sons.)...

Fig. 10.3 Photographs of a homogenous, saturated sand pack with seven dye tracer point injections being transported, under a constant flow of 53 mL/min, from left to right times at (a) t=20, (b) t= 105, (c) t= 172, (d) t=255 min after injection. Internal dimensions of the flow cell are 86 cm (length), 45cm (height), and 10cm (width). Reprinted from Levy M, Berkowitz B (2003) Measurement and analysis of non-Fickian dispersion in heterogeneous porous media. J Contam Hydrol 64 203-226. Copyright 2003 with permission of Elsevier...

Lenormand R, Touboul E, Zarcone C (1988), Numerical models and experiments on immiscible displacement in porous media. J ITuid Mech 189 165-187 Levy M, Berkowitz B (2003) Measurement and analysis of non-Fickian dispersion in heterogeneous porous media. J Contam Hydrol 64 203-226... 

Jackson, T. A., Lim, M., and Anfinrud, P. A. 1994. Complex nonexponential relaxation in myoglobin after photodissociation of MbCO Measurement and analysis from 2 ps to... 

Unsworth, M. H A. S. Heagle, and W. W. Heck, Gas Exchange in Open-Top Field Chambers. I. Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Resistances to Gas Exchange, Atmos. Environ., 18, 373-380 U984). 

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