Meal composition, liquid

Table I. Liquid Meal Composition-Study With Male Subjects...

Table V. Liquid Meal Composition — Female Subjects Study with Postmenopausal ...

Fig. 10.8 Effect of fermentation on meadowfoam seed meal composition, in the absence (a) and presence of 10 mM FeS04 (b). Methods meadowfoam seed meal (12 g) and untreated meadowfoam seed (cv. Ross) were ground together in a ratio of 100 1 in a coffee grinder for 1 min. Ground mixture (10 g) was mixed with 30 mL of either water or 10 mM FeSOa, vortexed for 1 min, and sonicated for 1 min. At several time points after mixing, 0.1 mL ahquots of the liquid layer were taken and immediately diluted with 0.9 mL methanol, vortexed, centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 10 min, and analyzed by HPLC as described in Fig. 10.7. Data points represent averages of duplicate incubations...

Kingery WD, Niki E, Narasimhan MD (1961) Sintering of oxide and carbide-meal compositions in presene of a liquid phase. J Am Ceram Setc 44 29-35... 

Table I shows the composition of the liquid meals consumed by the subjects. Two cottage cheese meals with different levels of protein but the same levels of calcium and phosphorus were...

Experimental. A second study was conducted with nine postmenopausal women age 51-65 yr. The subjects were fed standardized meals for 19 weeks. The mean composition for the 7-day menus of natural foods as % of total calories was 15% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat with a P/S ratio of 0.7, 10 g/day crude fiber, and less than 300 mg/day cholesterol. In addition, the diets supplied 1289 mg calcium, 1832 mg phosphorus, 2561 mg sodium and 5099 mg potassium daily. The diets met the RDA for all other nutrients. Calorie levels were adjusted to maintain body weight. The experimental meals were fed during the last six weeks of this 19-week period. No more than one liquid meal was consumed by each subject in one week. Fasting and postprandial samples of blood and urine were collected as in the previous study. Diuresis was induced by scheduled consumption of water. 

Table V shows the composition of the liquid meals for this study. As in the previous study, two levels each of cottage cheese and beef were fed to the subjects. In addition, 45 g of protein from soy isolate was also fed. The phytic acid content of this meal was 126 mg. A basal diet containing all nutrients except protein was also included in this study. It was necessary to reduce the fat content of the basal diet for palatability the total energy for this meal only was 250 kcal. In this study, the calcium and phosphorus levels of each meal were equalized across all levels and sources of protein. Levels of other meal components were maintained as constant as possible and are shown at the bottom of Table V.

Von Schonfeld J, Evans DF, Renzing K, Castillo FD, Wingate DL. Human small bowel motor activity in response to liquid meals of different caloric value and different chemical composition. Dig Dis Sci 1998 43 265-269. 

Matshese JW, Malagelada JR, Phillips SF. Intestinal fluid flow and pancreatic enzyme output after mixed solid-liquid meals of different composition. Gastroenterology 1978 74 1135. 

The rate of gastric emptying is dependent on a complex interplay between physiological conditions and the composition of the ingested meal. Liquids empty faster than solids, mainly because the pylorus holds back larger food particles until further breakdown has taken place (Moore et al., 1983). Gastric emptying is also dependent on the caloric content of the meal and there seems to be a dynamic feedback mechanism between the stomach and the duodenum to control the caloric delivery (Brener et al., 1983). 

In Fig. 12.9-la a typical equilibrium diagram is shown where solute A is infinitely soluble in solvent C, which would occur in the system of soybean oil (/l)-soybean inert solid meal (B)-hexane solvent (C). The upper curve of N versus for the slurry underflow represents the separated solid under experimental conditions similar to the actual stage process.The bottom line of N versusx, where N = Oon the axis, represents the overflow liquid composition where all the solid has been removed. In some cases small amounts of solid may remain in the overflow. The tie lines are vertical, and on a yx diagram, the equilibrium line is y = on the 45° line. In Fig. 12.9-lb the tie lines are not vertical, which can result from insufficient contact time, so that all the solute is not dissolved adsorption of solute A on the solid or the solute being soluble in the solid B. 

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