Capacity factor, maximum

The final important ratio to consider is that of template functional monomer. Sellergren [64] demonstrated that selectivity of a L-phenylalanine anilide (L-PheNHPh) for its imprint molecule was maximal when the mol-% of M AA was -25%, a value that corresponds to a template functional monomer ratio of 3 1. However, the maximum capacity factor was not obtained until the mol-% MAA was -50%. This was important in that maximum values for affinity and selectivity were not obtained with the same MIP composition. Sellergren [31] proposed a 2 1 model for the MAA L-PheNHPh complex, but suggested a 4 1 ratio should be used to maximise the number of interactions at a given time. Subsequent studies have generally used a ratio of... 

The chromatographic system as a whole including the detector also has a defined sensitivity. The mass sensitivity of the chromatographic system depends not only on the detector sensitivity, but also on the column dimensions. The concentration sensitivity of the chromatographic system, on the other hand, depends solely on the detector sensitivity providing the sample is placed on the chromatographic system in the maximum permissible sample volume. The detector sensitivity also controls the maximum capacity factor at which a solute can be eluted. 

Magnetic pulleys. These vary in size from 0.203 to 1.219 m in diameter and from 2.03 to 1.526 m in width. The acceptable depth of the material on the conveyor belt depends on the diameter of the pulley and the linear velocity of the belt (see Table 19-18). Table 19-19 indicates the maximum capacity for such units. Depending on the apphcation, the correction factors given in Table 19-20 should be apphed. For sizing and maximum efficiency, multiply the actual volume of material to be handled by the correction factor shown and select the magnetic pulley having a capacity equal to or greater than the resultant volume. 

This may be substituted with the estimated maximum ground grid current, /q (Section 22.9.6), that may occur during the life of the grounding station thermal capacity factor from Table 22.5, in J/cmV°C. This is derived from formula (4,184) p), Ps in Ws/cm V °C (for details refer to lEEE-80)... 

The salt consumption with a sodium 0.275 and 0.533 Lbs of salt per 1,000 grains of hardness, expressed as calcium carbonate, removed. This range is attributed to two factors (1) the water composition, and (2) the operating exchange value at which the exchange resin is to be worked. The lower salt consumption may be attained with waters that are not excessively hard nor high in sodium salts, and where the exchange resin is not worked at its maximum capacity. 

Most detectors are concentration sensitive devices and thus the peak height will be proportional to the maximum concentration in the peak, which, in turn, will be proportional to the total area of the peak. The total area of the peak is proportional to the total mass of solute contained in the peak providing it is not excessively tailing. As the peak height is inversely related to the peak width, then, if peak heights are to be used for analytical purposes, all parameters that can affect the peak width must be held constant. This means that the capacity factor of the solute (k ) must remain constant and, consequently, the solvent... 

Therefore, a 4a separation (R = 1), in which peak retention times differ by four times the width at half-height, corresponds to a 2% area overlap between peaks.1 The maximum number of peaks that could be separated in a given time period assuming a given value of R, is defined as the peak capacity.1 The peak capacity must be greater — usually much greater — than the number of components in the mixture for a separation to succeed. The resolution of two compounds can also be written in terms of the number of plates of a column, N, the selectivity, a, and the capacity factors, k, and k j, as12... 

Efficiency or plate count (N)—an assessment of column performance. N should be fairly constant for a particular column and can be calculated from the retention time and the peak widths. Selectivity (a)—the ratio of retention k ) of two adjacent peaks. Sample capacity— the maximum mass of sample that can be loaded on the column without destroying peak resolution. Capacity factor k )—a measure of solute retention obtained by dividing the net retention time by the void time. 

Equation 1 Estimation of maximum injection volume, Vjnj.max (ml), with capacity factors of the components, ki, and void volume, Vq (ml). 

Equation 6 Calculation of optimum ratio of particle size and column length, with selectivity factor, a capacity factor of second component of critical pair under analytical chromatography conditions, fe 02 diffusion coefficient, (cm /s) (typical value for MW 1000 10 cm /s) viscosity, p (cP) specific permeability (1.2 X 10 for spherical particles), feo third term of the Knox equation, C and maximum safe operating pressure, Ap, (bar). 

It is seen that the maximum value of the capacity factor Is inversely proportional to the detector sensitivity or, the minimum detectable concentration. It follows, that the detector sensitivity also sets an ultimate limit on the peak capacity that can be realized from a column. This limit however is fairly high as can be seen from the data given in Table (1) The capacity ratios and peak capacities were calculated for a column having an efficiency of 10,000 theoretical plates, a dead volume of 6.7 ml and a sample concentration of % v/v. 

The recommended design procedure for an approximate evaluation utilizes a final design vapour-rate, Cs, which is a percentage of the reduced maximum operational capacity factor (usually between 80% and 87%). Note that in high-pressure operations, the usable hydraulic capacity of the tower packing may be reached because of excessive liquid hold-up before the... 

ACTI is an indication of total cost of transportation (capital and operational cost) at a given load factor of the pipeline (usually 60-80% of maximum capacity). 

For any given diameter ACTI is strongly dependent on pipeline load factors. ACTI tends to increase sharply if operated below a load factor of around 60% of the maximum capacity of the pipeline. For example, a 48 inch pipeline operating at around 90% of capacity would deliver 24 bcm p.a. at ACTI - 31/1000 CM, while a 56 inch pipeline operating at 60% of capacity would deliver the same quantity at ACTI - 38/1000 CM. At... 

---