Maximal Radiation Doses

Milk samples from the vicinity of the Nuclear Fuel Services plant in New York contained a peak concentration of about 2 pCi L , in March 1972, but generally contained less than 0.3 to 0.5 pCi L (Kelleher and Michael, 1973). These concentrations result from plant operations in which the iodine removal system consisted of essentially only a chemical scrubber (Magno et al., 1972). For the peak I concentration of 2 pCi L S the daily ingestion of one liter of such milk for an entire year would yield 9.6, 4.0, 3.4, and 5.2 mrem y to the respective age groups. 

Kantelo et al. (1982) studied the distribution of in the terrestrial environment surrounding the Savannah River reprocessing plant after 25 years of operation. A conservative (worst case basis) calculation yielded an annual dose from of 1.6 mrem to an adult thyroid. 

Dose estimates from other measured environmental samples are many orders of magnitude loiver than the estimates calculated in the previous sections for a concentration of 1 pCi m in air. The peak concentration of 2 pCi L as determined in milk samples near the Nuclear Fuel Services plant, would require maintenance of an air concentration of 1.7 X 10 pCi m , according to the model used above. Concentrations of in air around nuclear power plants are so much lower than those calculated for air around fuel processing facilities that they are essentially undetectable. 

Fetal thyroids in late gestation may concentrate up to 3 times the 

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Fetal thyroid, 22 Food ch (in I, 13 Global iodine cycle, 26 Maximal radiation doses, 23, 29 Population thyroid doses, 24 Radiation dose, 20... 

It is common practice to expose vehicles for at least one year to dry-hot and/or humid-warm extreme climates. In order to maximize radiation loads during exposure, it is necessary to orient the test objects appropriately to the sun. To accelerate outdoor weathering, there are special devices that increase the solar radiation impacting the surface to be tested per unit of time. One approach is to use electric motors to turn the test object to follow the course of the sun, or to use EMMAQUA to bundle solar radiation (s. Section 2.2.3.1). Here it is very important to ensure that the maximum temperatures affecting the vehicle do not exceed set limits [208]. 

By definition, photometers do not respond to radiation in the infrared or the ultraviolet (Fig. 4-4a). They are light meters in the sense that they mimic human vision that is, they respond to photons in the visible region, similar to the light meter on a camera. A candle is a unit of luminous intensity, originally based on a standard candle or lamp. The current international unit is called a candela (sometimes still referred to as a candle ), which was previously defined as the total light intensity of 1.67 mm2 of a blackbody radiator (one that radiates maximally) at the melting temperature of pure platinum (2042 K). In 1979 the candela was redefined as the luminous intensity of a monochromatic source with a frequency of 5.40 x 1014 cycles s-1 (A, of 555 nm) emitting 0.01840 Js-1 or 0.01840 W (1.464 mW steradian-1, where W is the abbreviation for watt and steradian... 

The commercial nonionic surfactants do not absorb radiation in the visible spectrum. The simplest form of spectrophotometric analysis of nonionics is the direct measurement of the UV absorbance of the sample. The ethoxylated alkylphenols are the only compounds which can be readily determined by this method, with a maximal absorbance at about 223 nm and another peak at 276 nm (69). Ethoxylated amides may be determined in model systems by their absorption of light at 202 nm (70), but many other compounds found in typical samples also have absorbance in this region. Because of the sensitivity of direct UV analysis to interference, it can only be used in well-defined situations. Interferences often encountered in nonionic surfactants are oxidation inhibitors like butylated hydroxytoluene. 

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