Matrix-assisted laser carbohydrates

The growing interest for the identification and characterization of polar and large compounds caused the development and the introduction of new ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI)[4], and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI),[5] and their more recent improvements, thus establishing new MS based approaches for studying large molecules, polymers and biopolymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. 

Harvey D.J. (2003), Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 226, 1-35. 

P. Chen, A. G. Baker, and M. V. Novotny, The use of osazones as matrices for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, Anal. Biochem., 244 (1997) 144-151. 

D. S. Ashton, C. R. Beddell, D. J. Cooper, and A. C. Lines, Determination of carbohydrate heterogeneity in the humanised antibody CAMPATH 1H by liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 306 (1995) 43 18. 

S. Kilz, H. Budzikiewicz, and S. Waffenschmidt, In-gel deglycosylation of sodiumdodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated glycoproteins for carbohydrate estimation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spect-rom., 37 (2002) 331-335. 

MS has become an indispensable tool for the determination of carbohydrate structures. The information provided by this methodology ranges from accurate molecular weight determination to the complete primary structure, with picomole sensitivity. These remarkable advances have been possible because of the development of novel methods of ionization, such as fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization, ESI, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (Fig. 3). 

Naven T, Harvey D, Brown J, Critchley G (1997) Fragmentation of complex carbohydrates following ionization by matrix-assisted laser desorption with an instrument fitted with time-lag focusing. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 11 1681-1686... 

M. K. Fatema, H. Nonami, D. R. B. Ducatti, A. G. Gonqalves, M. E. R. Duarte, M. D. Noseda, A. S. Cerezo, R. Erra-Balsells, and M. C. Matulewicz, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis of oligosaccharides and oligosaccharide alditols obtained by hydrolysis of agaroses and carrageenans, two important types of red seaweed polysaccharides, Carbohydr. Res., 345 (2010) 275-283. 

D. J. Harvey, Matrix-assisted laser desorptionAonization mass spectrometry of carbohydrates, Mass Spectrom. Rev., 18 (1999) 349—451. 

Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry An update covering the period 1999-2000. Mass Spectrom Rev 2006 25 595-662. 

After isolation and identification of the peptides containing these glycosylation sites, high pH anion exchange chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ES-MS) were utilized to evaluate carbohydrate microheterogeneity. 

Capillary electrophoresis has been used to separate and analyze synthetically modified carbohydrates in the nanogram to milligram range [163]. Ruorophore-assisted capillary electrophoresis (FACE) has successfully been used to separate nanogram amounts of maltodextrins, containing 4—76 D-glucose residues [164,165,166], see Fig. 9. Many carbohydrates can be analytically separated by matrix-assisted, laser desorption, ionization-time of flight. 

Mass Spectrometry. Soft ionization techniques of fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray ionization (ES), or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) have advanced carbohydrate analysis (146, 147). 

MS, especially in combination with advanced separation techniques, is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for the structural analysis of bacterial glycomes. Modern mass spectral ionization techniques such as electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) provide detection limits in the high atto- to low femto-mole range for the identification of peptides and complex carbohydrates. Structural characterization of these trace level components can be achieved using tandem MS. This provides a number of specific scanning functions such as product, precursor ion, and constant neutral loss scanning to... 

Matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry was developed at the end of the 80s of the last century independent by Japanese and German scientists and is nowadays primarily used in protein and peptide research, but also for the analysis of carbohydrates and DNA. A detailed survey of the different applications of MALDI-TOF MS is provided in the excellent... 

In this paper, we have compared two commonly used permethylation methods [4, 5] and have applied them to a model carbohydrate compound. The completeness of the methylation steps was established by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tlme-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The methylated carbohydrate products were acid-hydrolyzed and converted to methylated partially acelylated aldononitrile derivatives (Me PAANs) for linkage analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [11]. 

CabaUcova, J., Zidkova, J., Pribyla, L., and Chmelfk, J., Determination of carbohydrates in juices by capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis, 25, 487, 2004. 

Recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion (MALDI) MS of carbohydrates has foimd much interest, since it also enables the study of imderivati-zed compounds. Besides methods for sample preparation and for extracting carbohydrates from biological media, various MALDI matrices were compared in a recent review. 

Harvey DJ (1999) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion mass spectrometry of carbohydrates. Mass Spectrometry Reviews 18 349-450. 

---