Materials Developments through Processing

Further oxide materials have been prepared and evaluated as potential anode materials, including NbiTiOy and Gd2Ti(Mo, but have proved to be either extremely redox intolerant or possess very low ionic conductivities. Hence the most promising materials for oxide anodes remain materials structurally related to the ABO3 perovskite. 

As will be clear from the preceding discussion of materials developments for SOFCs many of the advances in performance of the individual components can be considered to be incremental in nature, with fractional improvements in redox stability, sulfur tolerance, ionic conductivity or 

INORGANIC MATERIALS FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS 

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Although carbon electrode production has been regarded as a mature business, the steady growth in demand and the need for improved electrodes has prompted ongoing development efforts in these areas (/) cost containment through raw material substitutions and process improvements (2) higher purity electrodes for those processes such as siUcon production (J) improvements in thermal shock resistance to enhance electrode performance and (4) better joining systems for prebakes. 

The Japanese Plastic Waste Management Institute is developing a process to convert PVC and other plastic waste materials to fuel oil through pyrolysis. In Eiuope, a free market for plastics waste is now being established by the European Plastics Converters over the internet. The company says it will be possible to establish market prices for recyclates at European level on a supply and demand basis. The European market for recycled plastics is currently worth around 1.18bn US dollars and is predicted to reach 2.53bn US dollars by the endof2001. WORLD... 

Acknowledgment is made to the Donors of the Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the American Chemical Society, and to the Materials Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts (Amherst), for grants in support of this research. The National Science Foundation, through the Expedited Award for Novel Research at Stevens Institute, has enabled K.E.G. to develop the processing of such transition metal containing organometallic polymers. ... 

Direct isolation ( one-pot ) processes should be considered for materials prepared for Phase 2 and later development. Examples of this were shown in Schemes 2.3 and 2.4 for the tosylate salt 13 and the product 15 from the Dimroth rearrangement. Considerable processing time may be saved, resulting in lower COG from reduced labor costs. The attendant savings on solvent costs and waste disposal can also reduce COG. Some research time may be necessary to develop these processes, in particular fine-tuning the processes to purge impurities. In early phases of dmg development the fastest scale-up may be through conventional extractive work-up, concentration, and crystallization. 

Glycerol. Another synthetic product that is derived from propylene for the production of resins is glycerol. Synthetic production of this material, which started in 1948 at the Houston, Tex., plant of Shell Development Co., culminated a long research program by E. C. Williams and coworkers (45) in which the process was developed through a complex series of reactions starting with the chlorination of propylene (7). The Houston plant has a reported capacity of 36,000,000 pounds per year, which is equivalent to 20% of the prewar production of glycerol (8). 

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