Material greenness

One can see that the forms of equations (4.4) and (4.5) are identical. It is clear that RME (AE) and Em (Emw) describe material efficiency from different points of view, the former with respect to the target product and the latter with respect to the waste products. Figure 4.1 shows the interconnections between the key material green metrics presented above. 

For material green metrics calculation for each reaction beginning with the last step (j = N) and working toward the first step (j = 1) ... 

By reacting apatite with sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and gypsum will result. Most phosphoric acid is produced in this way and is normally used as raw material (green acid) to produce fertilizers. A small amount, however, is further refined to phosphoric acid of food grade quality. 

Abrasive material green silicon carbide SiC, grain size 30(630-500fim) V Abrasive material noble alundum EA, grain size 30(630-500(im)... 

When a ceramic material (green or baked) is porous, we speak of true density and apparent density. True density is the density of a ceramic material without pores. In order to determine this, the mass of the object must be known as well as the volume less the pore volume. In figure 9.27 all of this is drawn and some calculations are given. 

It is now conventional wisdom to point out that chemical engineering is rapidly spreading into new technical areas described by such words as electronic materials, green chemistry, ecology, smart materials, drug-delivery systems, etc., etc., and above all, biotechnology. Because it is so difficult to give a contemporary definition of... 

At the individual level, we are morally obligated to not harm ourselves apart from acts of altruism and sacrifice. Green chemistry helps us avoid the physical harm from toxic substances and accidents through its emphasis on inherently safer methods and materials. Green chemistry helps us to stave off economic harm because its application and practice adds value to products and processes and makes them more profitable. 

Fukuoka, S. Kawamura, M. Komiya, K. Tojo, M. Hachiya, H. Hasegawa, K. Aminaka, M. Okamoto, H. Fukawa, L Konno, S. A novel non-phosgene polycarbonate production process using by-product CO2 as starting material. Green Chem. 2003, 5 (5), 497-507. 

TNO, Committee for the Prevention of Disasters (1989). Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objects resulting from the releases of hazardous materials (Green Book), CPR-16E, The Netherlands. 

Yellow often used material Green seldom used material... 

Every body needs sufficient knowledge of chemistry to function effectively in present day society. At present our society is being influenced by new drugs, synthetic materials, green revolutions in agriculture, micro-computers, micro-electronics etc. 

All input materials and products were defined as good materials (green triangle), while air emissions and wastes were considered as bad materials (red triangle), as can be observed in Figure 3.2. 

Input material Green sand Chemically-bonded sand Lost Foam... 

For instance, in the above case of mass metrics, very important to assess the materialization of synthetic reactions to pursue the dematerialization of chemistry, the metrics AE and E-factor were found to be insufficient to account for all aspects of material greenness a decade after their conception, and since then a lot of alternative reductionist metrics have been proposed. This is not unexpected, as the calculation of metrics should be easy... 

Table 8.2 Components of a synthesis reaction captured by the mass metrics of a battery suitable to assess its material greenness."...

Figure 8.4 Battery of metrics for assessment of the material greenness of synthesis reactions. Left The assessment (and optimization) involves two dimensions that require different metrics. Right Scope and hierarchy of the metrics.

Murariu, M., Bonnaud, L., Yoann, P., Fontaine, G., Bouibigot, S., Dubois, P. New trends in polylactide (PLA)-based materials "Green PLA-Calcium sulfate (nano) composites tailored with flame retardant properties. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95, 374—381 (2010)... 

ANSWER (b) Those two Ph groups are just along for the ride—nothing happens to them in this reaction. Use them as markers to identify where the carhon attached to them in the starting material winds up in the product (red dot). Similarly, that ester group is preserved. Use it as a marker to find the carhon attached to it in the starting materials (green dot). 

Kohler, R, Roth, D., Kuhlmann, E., Wasserscheid, P. and Haumann, M., Continuous gas-phase desulfurisation using supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials. Green Chem. 12, 979-984 (2010). 

Hummel, M., Froschauer, C., Laus, G., Roder, T., Kopacka, H., Hauru, L.K.J., Weber, H.K., Sixta, H. and Schottenberger, H., Dimethyl phosphorothioate and phosphoroselenoate ionic liquids as solvent media for cellulosic materials, Green Chem. 13 (9), 2507-2517 (2011). 

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