Mass transport processes flow field

A magnetic field may affect the flow of electron and ion, resulting in perturbation of the mass transport process near the electrode [37]. For example, in the decarboxylation of phenylacetic acid, the presence of a magnetic field increases the yield of aldehyde, presumably because the supply of molecular oxygen from the bulk solution of the electrode surface is enhanced. 

It can be seen that in many of these particle-level phenomena, sources will be a function of continuous phase variables. Such a situation results in strong coupling between particle trajectory simulations and simulation of the continuous phase flow field. Detailed modeling of each of these can be accomplished following conventional practices and will not be discussed here. More information can be found in textbooks on chemical reaction engineering and heat and mass transport processes (Levenspiel, 1972 Westerterp et al., 1984 Kuo, 1986 Kunii and Levenspiel, 1991). 

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the numerical analysis of systems involving transport processes and solution by computer simulation. An early application of CFD (FLUENT) to predict flow within cooling crystallizers was made by Brown and Boysan (1987). Elementary equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum and energy for fluid flow or heat transfer are solved for a number of sub regions of the flow field (Versteeg and Malalase-kera, 1995). Various commercial concerns provide ready-to-use CFD codes to perform this task and usually offer a choice of solution methods, model equations (for example turbulence models of turbulent flow) and visualization tools, as reviewed by Zauner (1999) below. 

In general, the substrate temperature will remain unchanged, while pressure, power, and gas flow rates have to be adjusted so that the plasma chemistry is not affected significantly. Grill [117] conceptualizes plasma processing as two consecutive processes the formation of reactive species, and the mass transport of these species to surfaces to be processed. If the dissociation of precursor molecules can be described by a single electron collision process, the electron impact reaction rates depend only on the ratio of electric field to pressure, E/p, because the electron temperature is determined mainly by this ratio. 

A significant advance was made in this field by Watarai and Freiser [58], who developed a high-speed automatic system for solvent extraction kinetic studies. The extraction vessel was a 200 mL Morton flask fitted with a high speed stirrer (0-20,000 rpm) and a teflon phase separator. The mass transport rates generated with this approach were considered to be sufficiently high to effectively outrun the kinetics of the chemical processes of interest. With the aid of the separator, the bulk organic phase was cleanly separated from a fine dispersion of the two phases in the flask, circulated through a spectrophotometric flow cell, and returned to the reaction vessel. 

Transport Processes. The velocity of electrode reactions is controlled by the charge-transfer rate of the electrode process, or by the velocity of the approach of the reactants, to the reaction site. The movement or trausport of reactants to and from the reaction site at the electrode interface is a common feature of all electrode reactions. Transport of reactants and products occurs by diffusion, by migration under a potential field, and by convection. The complete description of transport requires a solution to the transport equations. A full account is given in texts and discussions on hydrodynamic flow. Molecular diffusion in electrolytes is relatively slow. Although the process can be accelerated by stirring, enhanced mass transfer... 

A wide range of physical models is available in most commercial CFD software. At a minimum, the flow field will be calculated by solving the conservation equations for mass and momentum. In addition to flow, many of the problems encountered in the process industry involve heat transfer also. For such applications, the temperature field can also be calculated, which is commonly done by solving a conservation equation for enthalpy. For problems involving chemical reaction, the transport equations for the chemical species involved in the reaction(s) will be solved. The creation and destruction of the species due to the reaction are modeled by means of source terms in these equations. The reaction rates determining these source terms are calculated locally, based on the values of species concentrations and temperature at each... 

A number of soil chemical phenomena are characterized by rapid reaction rates that occur on millisecond and microsecond time scales. Batch and flow techniques cannot be used to measure such reaction rates. Moreover, kinetic studies that are conducted using these methods yield apparent rate coefficients and apparent rate laws since mass transfer and transport processes usually predominate. Relaxation methods enable one to measure reaction rates on millisecond and microsecond time scales and 10 determine mechanistic rate laws. In this chapter, theoretical aspects of chemical relaxation are presented. Transient relaxation methods such as temperature-jump, pressure-jump, concentration-jump, and electric field pulse techniques will be discussed and their application to the study of cation and anion adsorption/desorption phenomena, ion-exchange processes, and hydrolysis and complexation reactions will he covered. 

Understanding of gas-liquid flow in electrochemical systems is very important for system optimization, enhance mass transport and thus gas release efficiency. There are relatively little theoretical studies available in the literature which considers process as a two-phase flow problem. Zeigler and Evans[2] applied the drift - flux model of Ishii[3] to electrochemical cell and obtained velocity field, bubble distribution, mass transfer rate. Instead of treating the bubbles as a second phase, they obtained bubble distribution from concentration equation. Dahikild [4] developed an extensive mathematical model for gas evolving electrochemical cells and performed a boundary layer analysis near a vertical electrode. 

Erosion is one of several wear modes involved in tribocorrosion. Solid particle erosion is a process by which discrete small solid particles, with inertia, strike the surface of a material, causing damage or material loss to its surface. This is often accompanied by corrosion due to the environment. A major environmental factor with significant influence on erosion-corrosion rates is that of flow velocity, but this should be set in the context of the overall flow field as other parameters such as wall shear stress, wall surface roughness, turbulent flow intensity and mass transport coefficient (this determines the rate of movement of reactant species to reaction sites and thus can relate to corrosion wall wastage rates). For example, a single value of flow velocity, referred to as the critical velocity, is often quoted to represent a transition from flow-induced corrosion to enhanced mechanical-corrosion interactive erosion-corrosion processes. It is also used to indicate the resistance of the passive and protective films to mechanical breakdown [5]. 

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