Marine Well Containment System

Industry has had two responses to the above requirement in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon incident. They are the Helix Fast Response System and the Marine Well Containment System (MWCC). The BOEMRE required that companies use one of these two systems before drilling permits could be issued following the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe. Both companies reported that their systems were ready in February 2011, although the MWCC System will undergo much more development. 

Industry in the Gulf of Mexico responded by developing two projects Helix and the Marine Well Containment System (MWCS). HeUx is based on the equipment and systems that were used following Deepwater Horizon. MWCS is a brand new system. 

The most well known and most widely used compounds mentioned in the chapter are the doubly protected monosaccharide derivatives (cf. Schemes 16-18 and 27-29), which serve as building blocks for the regio- and stereospecific synthesis of a host of more complex carbohydrates. A number of newly discovered alkaloids contain fused 5 6 6-triheterocyclic systems these compounds may come from not only traditional (plant) sources, for example, compounds 96, 292-294, 446, and 447, but also insects (compounds 531-533), marine animals of various kinds, for example, sponges (compounds 58 R = H or OH) and ascidians (compound 289), and amphibians (compound 535). Although the majority of these alkaloids are known to be toxic in sufficient quantity, any possible therapeutic applications have apparently not yet been disclosed. 

Although terrestrial cyanobacteria are well-recognized producers of a wide range of bioactive compounds, marine species have received less attention until recently [159]. One of the most abundant and studied marine cyanobacteria is the pantropic Lyngbya majuscula (Oscillatoriaceae). A prolific producer of metabolites, it has so far yielded more than 110 secondary metabolites including compounds that exhibit antiproliferative, immunosuppressants, antifeedant and molluscidal activities [159,160]. Shallow water varieties of the cyanophyte contain N-substituted amides of 75-methoxytetradec-4E-enoic acid and of 7S-methoxy-9-methylhexa-dec-4 -enoic acid called malyngamides, a sub-class of which contains the 4-methoxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one system [158]. 

The Annelida (segmented worms)131 are believed to be evolutionary antecedents of the arthropods. Present-day members include earthworms, leeches, and -105 species of marine polychaetes. Annelids have a true body cavity separate from the alimentary canal and lined by a peritoneum. They have a well-developed circulatory system and their blood usually contains a type of hemoglobin. 

In addition, there are many important nonantibiotic uses of 2-azetidinones in fields ranging from enzyme inhibition [15-21] to gene activation [22], Systems containing one carbon atom common to two rings, spirocyclic compounds, represent an important structural organization. Spirocyclic p-lactams (Fig. 3) behave as p-tum mimetics [23-26] as well as enzyme inhibitors [27, 28], they are precursors of a,a-disubstituted p-amino acids [29-32], and the spiranic p-lactam moiety is present in chartellines and chartelamides [33-38], a family of marine natural products. Synthetic studies and biosynthetic speculation inspired by an unexpected reaction on the marine alkaloid chartelline C have been described [38],... 

High velocities of aqueous solutions impinging on copper and brass tubes produce impingement on the metal or alloy. The aluminum brass and cupronickel alloys have great resistance to flow-induced attack up to a well-defined maximum for the flow rate, beyond which the film on the metal surface will be disrupted. Admiralty brass and aluminum brass have lower values for maximum velocity of flow than cupronickels. Admiralty brass and aluminum brass are preferred to cupronickels for use in media containing sulfide species. Coatings have been developed for cupronickel and aluminum brass condenser tubes for land-based and marine systems. 

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