Marine environment distribution

Yamato a, Miyagawa N and Miyanaga N (1984) Radioactive nuclides in the marine environment -distribution and behaviour of Zr, Ni) originated from fallout. Radioisotopes 33 449 -455. 

Distribution of luminous bacteria. Luminous bacteria are widely distributed in the marine environment, and have been isolated from various sources, including seawater, the light organs and various other parts of marine luminous organisms, sometimes even from nonmarine sources as well. There are several major groups of luminous bacteria... 

The sea snake is a marine-adapted serpent belonging to the family of Hydrophi-idae. There are many varieties of sea snakes with different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are well adapted for the marine environment and have a flat tail and a salt gland. Sea snakes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are not found in the Atlantic Ocean. 

Fox, F.R. and K.R. Rao. 1982. Accumulation, tissue distribution, and depuration of benzol a Ipyrcnc and benz(a)anthracene in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Pages 336-349 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Bergamaschi, B.A., J.S. Walters, and J.I. Hedges. 1999. Distribution of uronic adds and dimethyl sugars in sedimentary particles in two coastal marine environments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 413-425. 

Spores may be transferred from soil and plants to the sea via rainwater, causing the prevalence in coastal waters of the same C. botulinum types as on the land. Such a correlation was observed in Great Britain, where the type B predominates both in soil and in bottom sediments. Similarly, 71% of fish and bottom-sediment samples collected in southern France were contaminated with type B, while C. botulinum type E was found only in 9.6% of samples (Each et al., 2002). However, it is commonly believed that non-proteolytic type E is characteristic for the marine environment. A distinguishing feature of type E strains is the ability to grow in low temperatures (about 3°C), which are typical for bottom layers of seas and oceans. Moreover, the bottom sediments provide anaerobic conditions for the outgrowth of Clostridium. Therefore, the marine environment promotes C. botulinum type E distribution. This has been further supported by the rate of fish and seafood contamination fish and seafood isolated in many countries are most frequently contaminated with C. botulinum type E (Dodds, 1993 a,b). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that the majority of botulism cases linked to fish and seafood consumption reported between 1950 and 1996 in the U.S. were caused by C. botulinum type E (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). C. botulinum type F,... 

Polycyclic ethers are biosynthesized by a variety of microorganisms. Several were clinical antibiotic candidates in the 1960 s and 1970 s. The discovery that such substances may have a wide distritution in the marine environment raises intriguing questions. Is the genetic capability of directing the biosynthesis of polycyclic ethers widely distributed What are the functions of these substances ... 

Continued research is needed to characterize and understand these toxins, their distribution in the marine environment, their biosynthesis and their function, how to detect them and to minimize their impact on the seafood industry. 

Abrahamsson, K. Klick, S. (1989)- Distribution and fate of halogenated organic substances in an anoxic marine environment. Chemosphere, 18, 2247-56. 

Xie, T-M., Abrahamsson, K., Fogelqvist, G. Josefsson, B. (1986). Distribution of chlorophenolics in a marine environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 20,457-63. 

Although early studies in the marine environment showed little diel variability in the surface-water H202 concentration (22, 23), initial observations of rather high concentrations of H202 in surface waters of lakes led us to examine the factors affecting its variability and distribution. This chapter provides a critical review of the literature on H202 formation and decay, integrated with recent results of both field and laboratory studies. 

Section 2.2.1 summarizes the spectroscopic measurements that have been performed to examine the dynamics of water molecules in hydrate versus ice networks. Sections 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 provide a brief overview of the mechanical and thermal properties, respectively, of hydrates compared to ice. Characterization of these properties will aid in facilitating the accurate interpretation of data obtained from in situ detection measurements of natural hydrates. These natural hydrates occur in sediments in permafrost and marine environments. The hydrate mechanical and thermal properties are also important in the evaluation of the location and distribution of natural hydrates in sediments. (Further details are given in Chapter 7—Hydrates in the Earth.)... 

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