Marine algae productivity

First let us see if we can pool the variances in the traditional way. Using the standard deviations from the table, we have 

Since Fs, 9 = 3.23 (95% confidence), we conclude that we can pool the variances, which results in a standard deviation estimate of 5.1923%, with 17 degrees of freedom. Now we use Eq. (2.26) to obtain a confidence interval for the difference between the two mean amounts of agar-agar  

It is evident that the interval contains the zero value, and therefore we do not have evidence, at this confidence level, that the change in the kind of activity - from urban to industrial or vice versa - alters the agar-agar amount of the algae. 

Amounts of agar-agar extracted from marine algae collected at two locations 

The first thing we must do in planning any experiment is decide which variables are the factors and which are the responses. In general, the factors are those variables that the experimenter can control. They can be qualitative, hke the t3q)e of catalyst, or quantitative, like temperature. Sometimes, in a certain experiment, we know that some other factors can affect the responses but we have no way of — or interest in — controlling them. One example is the origin of the vinegar, as encountered in the comparison between Arrhenius and Berzehus. We must be careful with factors of this kind, to avoid that their effects be confounded with those of factors that do interest us. One of the techniques that can be used to deal with this situation is blocking, as we have already seen. Another important one is randomization, to be discussed later. 

---

Agar. Agar [9002-18-0] is obtained from a variety of red marine algae found along the coast of Japan. Food appUcations include fro2en desserts, confectionery products, and baked goods (92). 

Several analyses of known marine natural products according to the phylum of the source organism have revealed the richest sources of marine secondary metabolism (Figure It is clear from the data that marine algae and... 

The final step in an attempted synthesis of laurene, a hydrocarbon isolated from the marine alga Laurencin glandulifera, involved the Wittig reaction shown. The product obtained, however, was not laurene but an isomer. Propose a mechanism to account for these unexpected results. 

Dimethyl sulfide production SO (CH3)2S Certain marine algae... 

Stierle, D. B. and Sims, J. J. 1979. Marine natural products—V. Polyhalogenated cychc monoter-penes from the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum of Antarctica. Tetrahedron 35 1261-1265. 

Halogenated phenols, particularly 2-bromo-, 2,4-dibromo-, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol, have been identified in automotive emissions and are the products of thermal reactions involving the dibromoethane fuel additive (Muller and Buser 1986). It could therefore no longer be assumed that such compounds are exclusively the products of biosynthesis by marine algae. 

The first step in discovering a marine natural product lead compound involves accumulating collections of the source organisms. Ideally the collections would include as many species as possible collected from a large number of sites reflecting the wide diversity of habitats found in the world s oceans. The development of SCUBA and both manned and remotely operated (ROV) submersibles has provided the technology required to effectively collect algae and invertebrate specimens from most marine habitats. Consequently, the major issue... 

Paul VJ, Fenical W (1987) Natural Products Chemistry and Chemical Defense in Tropical Marine Algae of the Phylum Chlorophyta. In Scheuer PJ (ed) Bioorganic Marine Chemistry - Springer-Verlag (vol 1) Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 1... 

Gerwick WH, Bernart MW (1992) Eicosanoids and related compounds from marine algae. In Attaway DH, Zaborsky OR (eds) Marine biotechnology, vol I Pharmaceutical and bioactive natural products. Plenum, New York, p 101... 

Incubation of lead(II) (as nitrate or acetate) with marine algae and a S-adenosylmethionine rich yeast produced methyl leads in the culture solution62. Marine macrophyte cultures produced mainly Me3Pb+. Production with the yeast was much less efficient. Concentration levels of methyllead produced in the cultures for the algae were of the order of 10-20 ngdm 3. 

Sims JJ, Fenical W, Wing RM, Radlick P (1971) Marine natural products. I. Pacifenol, arare sesquiterpene containing bromine and chlorine from the red alga, Laurenciapacifica. J Am Chem Soc 93 3774-3775... 

Sims JJ, Lin GHY, Wing RM (1974) Marine natural products. X. Elatol, a halogenated sesquiterpene alcohol from the red alga Laurencia elata. Tetrahedron Lett 39 3487-3490 Singh S, Kate BN, Banerjee UC (2005) Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae an overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 25 73-95... 

Schnitzler I, Boland W, Hay ME (1998) Organic sulfur compounds from Dictyopteris spp. deter feeding by an herbivorous amphipod (Ampithoe longimana) but not by a herbivorous sea urchin (Arbaciapimctulata). J Chem Ecol 24 1715-1732 Shen Y, T sai PI, Fenical W, Hay ME (1993) Secondary metabolite chemistry of the Caribbean marine alga Sporochnus bolleanus. a basis for herbivore chemical defense. Phytochemistry 32 71-75 Schupp PJ, Paul VJ (1994) Calcium carbonate and secondary metabolites in tropical seaweeds variable effects on herbivorous fishes. Ecology 75 1172-1185 Smit AJ (2004) Medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of seaweed natural products a review. J Appl Phycol 16 245-262... 

Obrien ET, White S, Jacobs RS, Boder GB, Wilson L (1984) Pharmacological properties of a marine natural product, stypoldione, obtained from the brown alga Stypopodium zonale. Hydrobiologia 116 141-145... 

The purpose of this chapter is to review the role of DMSP and related compounds in marine algae, with an emphasis on benthic macroalgae. The first section of this review will focus on DMSP. The second section will focus on its cleavage and the roles of its cleavage or breakdown products DMS, acrylate, and acrylic acid... 

Kiene RP, Taylor BF (1988) Demethylation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate and production of thiols in anoxic marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 54 2208-2212 Kiene RP, Visscher P, Keller M, Kirst GO (1996) Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds. Plenum, New York Kirst G (1989) Salinity tolerance of eukaryotic marine algae. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40 21-53... 

Stefels J (2000) Physiological aspects of the production and conversion of DMSP in marine algae and higher plants. J Sea Res 43 183-197... 

---