Mapping of Data

Hydrochemical contour maps should be prepared from data collected at the same time. Mixing of data from different seasons, or even different years, reduces the meaning of the map. On the other hand, comparison of contour maps of data obtained at different times may be most informative. The need for many sampling points may result in a need to cut other efforts, for example, to reduce the number of measured parameters, as discussed in the previous section. 

Figure 21 Maps of data from Heinrich layer H3. General geology and the Ruddiman (1977) IRD belt are shown, (a) Isopach map with 10 cm contour interval, (b) Sr/ Sr values for siliciclastic detritus in H3. Isopachs are shown in light dashed lines for reference, (c) 25-23 ka 250 mg cm kyr contours dehning the approximately E-W IRD belt (Ruddiman, 1977), contours of 10, 50, and 100 sand-sized ash shards per cm defining the approximately N-S trajectory of currents bringing Icelandic detritus into the North Atlantic (Ruddiman and Glover, 1982), and light...

Sonification is the use of nonspeech audio to convey information. More specifically, it is the mapping of data relations to sound in order to enable or enhance the finding of patterns and relationships in that data. It can be somewhat viewed as the audio analog to scientific visualization, but not exactly. The human auditory and visual systems evolved with complimentary abilities and acuities. For example, we can t see behind us, yet we are often able to localize the voice of a friend in another room at a party, even when we can t see them. In fact, infants can recognize their mother s voice before they can... 

Another approach to the classification of bacteria was investigated by Meuzelaar et. at. C2123. Pyrolysis products of bacteria have been analyzed by mass spectrometry (electron energy 15 eV). Peaks at 40 most characteristic mass numbers have been taken as pattern features. A nonlinear mapping of data obtained with "listeria bacteria" revealed two distinct clusters that perfectly correspond to the two serotypes of these bacteria. Similar results have been reported by Wold C3473. 

Ada was designed with embedded applications in mind from the start. For example, the use of representation clauses, which have been extended and made more powerful in Ada 2005, allows close mapping of data structures to the hardware, and the built in concurrency can be used to map handling of multi-tasking at the hardware level. Additionally, many embedded applications require high reliability or are safety-critical, which is where a language designed for maximum safety really shines. 

Data path allocation can also make use of partitioning information. Since operations from different partitions cannot share hardware, a data path allocator can make use of the minimum hardware information that the control step allocator may take advantage of, but can also use the partitioning information to guide the mapping of data flow operators to hardware. 

FIGURE 3.1 Generic mapping of data space containing the vectorial sets X), 0) into orthogonal basis D(X)>, n(0)) (Putz Lacrama, 2007). 

Demartines, P., Herault, J. Curvilinear component analysis A self-organizing neural network for nonlinear mapping of data sets. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 8(1), 148-154 (1997)... 

Suppose that four wells have been drilled in a field, and the geologist has identified three possible top sands maps based on the data available. These maps, along with the ranges of data for the other input parameters (N/G, S, cj), B ) have been used to generate an expectation curve for STOMP. 

Pulsed-force mode AFM (PFM-AFM) is a method introduced for fast mapping of local stiffness and adliesion with lower required data storage than recording force-distance curves at each point on the x-y plane [115]. A sinusoidal or triangular modulation is applied between the tip and sample (either via lever or sample piezo) at a lower frequency than that of either the piezo or cantilever resonance frequency. Tip and sample then come... 

Previous work in our group had shown the power of self-organizing neural networks for the projection of high-dimensional datasets into two dimensions while preserving clusters present in the high-dimensional space even after projection [27]. In effect, 2D maps of the high-dimensional data are obtained that can show clusters of similar objects. 

The amplitudes and the phases of the diffraction data from the protein crystals are used to calculate an electron-density map of the repeating unit of the crystal. This map then has to be interpreted as a polypeptide chain with a particular amino acid sequence. The interpretation of the electron-density map is complicated by several limitations of the data. First of all, the map itself contains errors, mainly due to errors in the phase angles. In addition, the quality of the map depends on the resolution of the diffraction data, which in turn depends on how well-ordered the crystals are. This directly influences the image that can be produced. The resolution is measured in A... 

In vertical downward flow as well as in upward and downward inclined flows, the flow patterns that can be observed are essentially similar to those described above, and the definitions used can be applied. Experimental data on flow patterns and the transition boundaries are usually mapped on a two dimensional plot. Two basic types of coordinates are generally used for this mapping - one that uses dimensional coordinates such as superficial velocities, mass superficial velocities, or momentum flux and another that uses dimensionless coordinates in which some kind of dimensionless groups are used as coordinates. The dimensional coordinates maps are inherently limited to the range of data and flow conditions under which the experiments were conducted. In spite of this limitation, it is widely used because of its simplicity and ease of use. Figure 24 provides an example of such a map. 

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