Manufacturing processes, sources information

No mathematics is used and basic physical science is minimized. Why chemicals behave as they do is not explained. It is assumed that the end result of the manufacturing processes presented is the information wanted by the reader and not the science or engineering involved. If needed, the latter information can be obtained from listed sources. 

Sources of data on costs were discussed in Chapter 6 and materials of construction in Chapter 7. This chapter covers sources of information on manufacturing processes and physical properties and the estimation of physical property data. Information on the types of equipment (unit operations) used in chemical process plants is given in Volume 2, and in the Chapters concerned with equipment selection and design in this Volume, Chapters 10, 11 and 12. 

The information part has been significantly reduced and, wherever possible, it has been substantiated with facts. However, it is necessary for students to be aware of commercially important chemicals, their processes of manufacture and sources of raw materials. This leads to descriptive material in the book. Attempts have been made to make descriptions of such compounds Interesting by considering their stmctures and reactivity. Thermodynamics, kinetics and electrochemical aspects have been applied to a few chemical reactions which should be beneficial to students for understanding why a particular reaction happened and why a particular property is exhibited by the product. There is currently great awareness of environmental and energy Issues which are directly related to chemistry. Such Issues have been highlighted and dealt with at appropriate places in the book. 

Studies of obsidian artifacts and sources can be used to examine resource procurement patterns, to identify long-distance exchange networks, to study manufacturing processes, and to establish site chronologies. In addition, obsidian artifacts may be used to extract dating information through hydration dating. 

The industrial process for the vapor-phase manufacture of vinyl acetate monomer is quite common (Daniels, 1989) and utilizes widely available raw materials. Vinyl acetate is used chiefly as a monomer to make polyvinyl acetate and other copolymers. Hoechst-Celanese, Union Carbide, and Quantum Chemical are reported U.S. manufacturers. DuPont also currently operates a vinyl acetate process at its plant in LaPorte, Texas. To protect any proprietary DuPont information, all of the physical property and kinetic data, process flowsheet information, and modeling formulation in the published paper come from sources... 

Only in cases when regulators require information during evaluation or enforcement would detailed exposure calculations need to be submitted by a company. The recommendations would serve as a regulatory reference source for formulators or manufacturers. Therefore, a downstream user would only need to communicate a chemical use upstream for registration purposes when it believed the chemical application in a manufacturing process fell outside the exposure scenarios for which a recommendation or recommendation equivalent applies. 

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