Manufacturing process heterogeneous applications

Millions of tons of oxygenated compounds are annually produced in the world and find applications in all areas of the chemical industry.83 94 Table 2 lists the main industrial oxygenated products obtained by catalytic oxidation, their capacities, their mode of manufacture and their applications. Most of these processes use dioxygen or air as the oxidant and operate under homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions. 

These books in the series will deal with particular techniques used in the study of catalysts and catalysis these will cover the scientific basis of the technique, details of its practical applications, and examples of its usefulness. The volumes concerned with an industrial process or a class of catalysts will provide information on the fundamental science of the topic, the use of the process or catalysts, and engineering aspects. For example, the inaugural volume. Principles of Catalyst Development, looks at the science behind the manufacture of heterogeneous catalysts and provides practical information on their characterization and their industrial uses. Similarly, an upcoming volume on ammonia synthesis will extend from the surface science of single iron crystals to the design of reactors for the special duty of ammonia manufacture. It is hoped that this approach will give a series of books that will be of value to both academic and industrial workers. 

A disperse system is defined as a heterogenous, two-phase system in which the internal (dispersed, discontinuous) phase is distributed or dispersed within the continuous (external) phase or vehicle. Various pharmaceutical systems are included in this definition, the internal and external phases being gases, liquids, or solids. Disperse systems are also important in other fields of application, e.g., processing and manufacturing of household and industrial products such as cosmetics, foods, and paints. 

Phenol Hydrogenation. In principle, appropriate lignin deconstruction processes will provide a stream of mixed phenols. Reduction of these phenols will lead to a new source of cyclic aliphatic alcohols of potential use in the manufacture of adipic acid derivatives. Several catalytic processes for these types of reductions have appeared for phenol and should be applicable to lignin-derived mixed phenols. Phenol itself is reduced to cyclohexanol in the presence of various heterogeneous catalysts based on Pd.530-535... 

A wide range of processes is available in the area of oligomerization applicable to C4. olefins. However, a distinction must be drawn between those intended for the effective manufacture of the higher olefinic hydrocarbons, which operate either in a bomogeneoos phase (Bayer, IFP Dimersol), or in a heterogeneous phase (IFP Polynapbta, Petrotex, UOP), which were discussed in Section 2.3.3.2, and those that are only intended to facilitate subsequent treatment... 

H2O2/TS-I also finds application in the hydroxylation of aromatics. A relevant example is the Rhodia process for the manufacture of the flavor ingredient vanillin [229]. The process involves four steps, all performed with a heterogeneous catalyst, starting from phenol (Figure 2.58). Overall, one equivalent of phenol, H2O2, CH3OH,... 

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