Mankind

Tribological phenomena have been known to mankind since prehistorical times when friction between wooden sticks was used to produce fire. The first historical record of tribology described the use of lubrication in the... 

When considering the place of science in mankind s overall effort for knowledge and self-expression, it is striking to realize how much interrelationship exists between our different intellectual activities. Man s drive to express himself can take different forms. Some of these involve... 

There are many facets of chemistry. Mankind s drive to uncover the secrets of live processes and use of this knowledge led to spectacular advances in the biological and health sciences. Chemistry richly contributes to this by helping our understanding at the molecular level. Chemistry is, however, and always will be a central science of its own. 

Chemistry does not always enjoy the best of reputations. Many of our plants and refineries are still potentially dangerous and may pollute their surroundings. At the same time our society enjoys a high standard of living not in small measure through the results of chemistry, which few would give up. I believe that chemistry can and will be able to bring about an equilibrium between mankind s needs and our environmental concerns. Chemistry will continue to benefit mankind in the spirit of Alfred Nobel, a fellow chemist whose example continues to inspire us all. 

In an increasingly technological society, the world s per capita resources have difficulty keeping up. Society s demands, however, must be satisfied while at the same time safeguarding the environment to allow future generations to continue to enjoy planet Earth as a hospitable home. Establishing an equilibrium between mankind s needs and the environment is a challenge we must meet. 

I. B.Joralemon, Copper. The Encompassing Sto of Mankind s First Metal, H.owe]l-Notth Books, Berkeley, Calif., 1973. R. F. Mikesell, The World Copper Industry Structure and Economic Mnaljsis,]o m.s Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md., 1979. 

Nitric acid, or aqua fortis as it was called in medieval times, has been known and used by mankind for centuries. At first, it was produced by heating a mixture of sodium nitrate (Chile saltpeter) and sulfuric acid. The product obtained was sodium hydrogen sulfate, and the nitric acid vapors escaping during this process were condensed ... 

During the last century and a half, two new closely related classes of material have been introduced which have not only challenged the older materials for their well-established uses but have also made possible new products which have helped to extend the range of activities of mankind. Without these two groups of materials, rubbers and plastics, it is difficult to conceive how such everyday features of modern life such as the motor car, the telephone and the television set could ever have been developed. 

Clearly, not all forms of earbon material, nor all the possible applieations thereof, are diseussed in this book. However, the applieation of earbon materials in many advaneed teehnologies are reported here. Carbon has played an important role in mankind s teehnologieal and soeial development. In the form of charcoal it was an essential ingredient of gunpowder The industrial revolution of the IS and 9 eenturies was powered by steam raised from the burning of eoal New applieations of earbon materials wiU surely be developed in the future. For example, the reeently diseovered earbon nanostruetures based on C q (closed eage moleeules, tubes and tube bundles), may be the foundation of a new and signifieant applieations area based on their superior meehanieal properties, and novel eleetronie properties. 

Activated carbon has the strongest physical adsorption forces or the highest volume of adsorbing porosity of any material known to mankind. 

Serves to advance the worldwide aspects of the chemical sciences and to contribute to the application of chemistry in the service of mankind. As a scientific, international, nongovernmental and objective body, lUPAC can address many global issues involving the chemical sciences. 

Refngeration technology is moving into a new phase with the introduction of hydrofluorocarbons that combme the safety of chlorofluorocarbons with a much lower environmental impact The considerable care bemg taken to choose the new refngerants under the close scrutmy of the public and regulatory bodies will ensure that the new products wiU benefit mankind for years to come... 

Silica (Si02) and silicates have been intimately connected with the evolution of mankind from prehistoric times the names derive from the Latin silex, gen. silicis, flint, and serve as a reminder of the simple tools developed in paleolithic times (. i00000 years ago) and the shaped flint knives and arrowheads of the neolithic age which began some 20 000 years ago. The name of the element, silicon, was proposed by Thomas Thomson in... 

Gays are an essential component of soils, to which we owe our survival, and they are also the raw materials for some of mankind s most ancient and essential artefacts pottery, bricks, tiles, etc. Clays are formed by the weathering and decomposition of igneous rocks and occur typically as very fine panicles e.g. kaolinite is formed as hexagonal plates of edge. 1-3 p m by the weathering of alkaline feldspar... 

Control of tuberculosis, long one of the scourges of mankind, began with the introduction of effective antibacterial agents. Thus, this disease was treated initially with some small measure of success with various sulfa drugs the advent of the antibiotic, streptomycin, provided a major advance in antitubercular therapy, as did the subsequent discovery of isoniazid and its analogs. 

Menschen-alter, n. generation, -blut, n. human blood, -fett, n. human fat. -freund, m. philanthropist, -geschlecht, n. mankind, humanity, -kdrper, m. human body, -lehre, /. anthropology human teaching, -pocken, /.pi. smallpox. 

Menschheit, /. mankind, human race, menschlich, a. human humane. 

It is common practice today to use the term "alloy" in connection with specific classes of materials, with prominence given to metals and semiconductors. However, there is good justification for considering alloys in a unified manner based on properties rather than types of materials because, after all, to alloy means to mix. The scientific aspects of mixing together different materials has a very long history going back to early attempts to understand and control materials behavior for the service of mankind. 

Man is able to directly utilize only a small portion of the energy of the Earth s atmosphere. Indeed, excessive concentrated energy in the atmosphere—hurricanes and tornadoes—represents risks to mankind. Most human demands created by atmospheric conditions involve consumption of energy to maintain comfort. The ambient surface air temperature, for instance, determines how much energy is needed for heating or cooling demands and the level of outside... 

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