Manikins

FIGURE 5.6 Clo value measured on heated manikins in a controlled environmene... 

ISO EN 9920 provides a large database of thermal insulation values, which have been measured on a standing thermal manikin. One set of tables gives the insulation values for a large number of ensembles (Table 6.14).. An-f)ther set of tables gives insulation values for individual garments (Table 6.15), on the basis of which the insulation for a whole ensemble can be estimated. 

Spatial Rotation-Sequential Pattern Matching Manikin... 

ASTM F 1930 Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection against Flash Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin... 

Camenzind, M.A., Dale, D.J., and Rossi, R.M. 2007. Manikin test for flame engulfment evaluation of protective clothing Historical review and development of a new ISO standard. Fire Mater., 31(5) 285-296. 

Rossi, R.M., Bruggmann, G., and Stampfli, R. 2005. Comparison of flame spread of textiles and bum injury prediction with a manikin. Fire Mater., 29(6) 395 -06. 

American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society (1999). Specifications for the bottle manikin absorption phantom. Health Physics Society, McLean, VA ANSI/HPS N13, p 35... 

Bittner, A. C., Wherry, R. J., and Glenn F. A. (1986), CADRE A Family of Manikins for Workstation Design, Technical Report 22100.07B, Man-Machine Integration Division, Naval Air Development Center, Warminster, PA. 

Raad voor Accreditatie (RVA), 1974 Racks (storage), 1521-1523 RAD, see Rapid application deployment Radio-frequency (RF) picking systems, 2108 RAM, see Responsibility assignment matrix RAMSIS CAD manikin, 1122 Random-effect models, fixed-effect vs., 2229-2230... 

Front view of polyethylene manikins from the 1950s used hy the Danish Royal Arsenal Museum to display gas masks. Polyethylene has absorbed the vulcanizing agent from the gas masks rubber straps. The vulcanizing agent contains sulphur and has stained the polyethylene irreversibly. 

Side view of polyethylene manikin from the Danish Royal Arsenal Museum showing stains caused by vulcanizing agent in rubber. 

There are four levels to evaluate sport garments textile measurements, manikin measurements, human laboratory tests, and field tests. 

In manikin testing, the validity is higher since not the textile but the garment is tested. Flammability testing on manikins, for instance, is more realistic than textiles only. For evaluation of thermal load, modem manikins can simulate sweating and movement. Manikin measurements show a better reproducibility than human measurements for thermal insulation, but fit is a critical factor (Meinander et al., 2004). 

Bogerd, C.P., Briihwiler, P.A., Heus, R., 2008. The effect of rowing headgear on forced convective heat loss and radiant heat gain on a thermal manikin headform. J. Sports Sci. 26 (7), 733-741. 

Meinander, H., Anttonen, H., Bartels, V., Holmer, I., Reinertsen, R.E., Soltynski, K., Varieras, S., 2004. Manikin measurements versus wear trials of cold protective clothing (Subzero project). Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 92 (6), 619-621. 

In order to offer an optimal protection against cold, sportswear basically has to be waterproof, windproof and breathable. The test requirements in standards such as the European Standard for protection against cold EN 342 (EN 342, 2004) are therefore thermal insulation, air permeability, resistance to water penetration and water vapour permeability. In addition, the mechanical stability of the fabrics (tear resistance) is assessed. The thermal insulation of the complete garment is measured with an anatomically formed manikin (as shown in Figure 9.1) placed in a climatic chamber at defined climatic ccmditions (ISO 15831, 2003). The surface of the manikin is heated to skin temperature and the thermal insulation is calculated by measuring the heating power needed to maintain its temperature for a defined temperature gradient. 

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