Malate hydroxy acid

Linked oxidation and decarboxylation. Metabolic pathways often make use of oxidation of a (3-hydroxy acid to a (3-oxoacid followed by decarboxylation in the active site of the same enzyme. An example is conversion of L-malate to pyruvate (Eq. 13-45). The Mg2+ or Mn2+-dependent decarboxylating malic dehydrogenase that catalyzes the reaction is usually called the malic enzyme. It is found in most organisms.237-240 While a concerted decarboxylation and dehydrogenation may sometimes occur,241-242 the enzymes of this group appear usually to operate with bound oxoacid intermediates as in Eq. 13-45. 

DIASTEREOSELECTIVE a-ALKYLATION OF g-HYDROXYCARBOXYLIC ESTERS THR0U6H ALKOXIDE ENOLATES (+)-DIETHYL (2S,3R)-3-ALLYL-2-HYDROXYSUCCIMATE FROM (-)-DIETHYL S-MALATE (Butanedlolc acid, 2-hydroxy-3-(2-propenyl)-, diethyl ester, [S-(R,S)])... 

The complex formation between Ni(ii) and acetate ions in aqueous solution has been studied by C NMR. Equilibrium quotients (132) and rate parameters (133) for the ligand exchange processes are reported. Complexes of hydroxy-acids (134) and iminodiacetates RN(CH2C0 )2 (135) have been the subjects of further studies. Co(ii) complexes of malate, citrate, isocitrate, and monomethylcitrate all exhibit large shifts which may be accounted for by assuming a common structural unit [22] in which the ligand is tridentate. Nickel(ii)... 

Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, dimethyl ester (dimethyl malate malic acid dimethyl ester H3C-OOC-CHOH-CH2-COO-CH3 Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, dipotassium salt KOOC-CHOH-CH2-COOK Butanedioic acid, (hydroxymethylene)-Butanedioic add, 2-hydroxv-2-(1-methylethyl)-Butarredioic add, 2,3-dihydroxy- tartaric acid HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH... 

Hydrolysis of both ester groups of 225b followed by cyclization furnishes anhydride 232. Selective ring opening with methanol gives the monoester 233. Reduction of the carboxylic acid, benzylation of the resulting alcohol, and saponification affords a-hydroxy acid 234. Electrochemical oxidative decarboxylation furnishes enantiomerically pure aldehyde 235. This process can also be used for preparing 3,3-dialkyl malates 231 [84]. 

Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. See Dioctyl malate Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, lead (2+) salt (1 1). See Lead maleate, tribasic Butanedioic acid, methylene-, polymer with ethenyl acetate and 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone. See PVP/VA/itaconic acid copolymer Butanedioic acid, mono [3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-... 

Synonyms Bis (2-ethylhexyl) malate Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester Hydroxybutanedioic acid, dioctyl ester... 

Poly(a-hydroxy acids) Polyglycolide Polylactides Polycaprolactone Malates... 

Figure 3. Changes of D,L- malate and D-p-hydroxy butyric acid contents in...

The relative and absolute configuration of 35,125-dihydroxypalmitic acid, a constituent of the Ipomea operculata M. resin, was confirmed by synthesis starting with dimethyl L-malate (35). An efficient synfliesis of (55)-hydroxy-20 4(6 ,8Z,l 1Z,14Z) was accomplished by the coupling of two readily accessible synthons, methyl (55)-hydroxy-7-iodo-heptanoate and 4Z,7Z- tridecadien-l-yne (36). A highly stereoselective synthesis of P-dimorphecolic acid, (95)-hydroxy-18 2(10.E,12 ), has been reported the synthesis features a diastereoselective reduction of a keto intermediate [4] in which the tricarbonyliron lactone tether induces a 1,5-transfer of chirality followed by a stereoselective decarboxylation to create all of the stereochemical ele-... 

Diglyceryl stearate malate Synonyms Polyglyceryl-2 stearate malate 1,2,3-Propanetriol homopolymer, esters with octadecanoic acid and 2-hydroxy-1,4-butanedioic acid... 

Figure 7 Ion exclusion isocratic separation of organic acids. Peaks 1 chloride, 2 oxalate, 3 pyruvate, 4 tartrate, 5 malonate, 6 lactate, 7 malate, 8 acetate, 9 isocitrate, 10 citrate, 11 p-hydroxy-n-butyrate, 12 succinate, 13 proprionate. (Reproduced with permission from Dionex Product Selection Guide 1991.)...

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