Majority rules principle

Copolymers with Preferential Screw Sense and Majority Rule Principle... 

Fig. 4.78 Majority rules principle as model for chirality amplification in (intermolecular) polymerisation of (unsymmetrically substituted) monomeric ethenes to form polymers, which can also convey the concept of (intramolecular) transmission of chiral perturbations [e.g. emanating from a stereogenic centre) in dendritic molecules The perturbation introduced into a system having a prior order (dance group a) in the form of an ex-...

Smulders MMJ, Stals PJM, Mes T, Paffen TF, Schenning APHJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW (2010) Probing the limits of the majority-rules principle in a dynamic supramolecular polymer. J Am Chem Soc 132 620-626... 

Van Gestel J (2004) Amplification of chirality in helical supramolecular polymers. The majority-rules principle. Macromolecules 37 3894—3898... 

Cooperative effects of the monomer units along the polymer backbone may result in a nonlinear relation between the specific optical rotation and the enantiomeric excess (ee) of chiral units present in the polymer [91]. For stiff helical isocyanates, these cooperative effects have led to observations referred to as majority-rules. The role of cooperative effects in chiral rr-PATs has also been examined using a series of PTs containing various ratios of chiral and achiral side chains. Data show that the cooperative interaction between the side chains affects the optical activity in a nonlinear fashion, while the majority-rules principle is applicable to chiral rr-PATs, the magnitude is less pronounced than with helical main-chain isocyanates [91]. 

That such conformational and configurational effects do actually occur in the transmission of chirality in molecules is demonstrated by corresponding findings and conceptual models from the field of polymer chemistry The sergeant-and-soldier principle and the majority rules model [38]. 

Account for all the parts in your division or classification. Don t, for instance, claim to classify all the evergreen trees native to your hometown and then leave out one or more species. For a short essay, narrow your ruling principle rather than omit categories. You couldn t, for instance, classify all the architectural styles in America in a short paper, but you might discuss the major styles on your campus. In the same manner, the enormous task of classifying all types of mental illness could be narrowed to the most common forms of childhood schizophrenia. However you narrow your topic, remember that in a formal classification, all the parts must be accounted for. 

Langeveld-Voss, B.M.W., R.J.M. Waterval, R.A.J. Janssen, and E.W. Meijer. 1999. Principles of majority rules and sergeants and soldiers applied to the aggregation of optically active polythiophenes Evidence for a multichain phenomenon. Macromolecules 32 (l) 227-230. 

One of the fundamental principles of parbamentary procedure is majority rule. The voice of the majority decides is the way that Thomas Jefferson stated it (13). The principal reason for using parliamentary procedures is to determine the opinion of the majority fairly, efliciently, and in an orderly manner. 

Some divalent cations such as Cu and Pb form very stable complexes with pectate, but are unlikely to be present at sufiScient concentration in the apoplast of plants to form a major fraction of the counterions associated with the pectic fraction in vivo. The Al ion may deserve closer examination, as it is certainly able to displace Ca from cell walls and reaches substantial concentrations in plant roots under some conditions [60,61]. aluminium is not usually considered to be freely translocated, however. Basic peptides with their negative charges spaced at a similar interval to galacturonans (0.43 nm or a small multiple thereof) can in principle have a very high afiBnity for pectate [62,63], but the extensins that are associated with the most insoluble pectic fractions [M] do not appear to have this type of structure. The possibility that the non-extractable pectic polymers in most cell walls are very strongly complexed with some cation other than Ca " cannot be ruled out, but there is little evidence to support it at present. 

Even this brief list may suffice to show that it would be a formidable task to develop a system of factorization free of avoidable redundancies, and that such a system would not be satisfactory even if it avoids arbitrary choices. It would require a rule disqualifying certain centers or lines of stereoisomerism on the basis of their relationships to other potential elements in the same molecule. Such definitions would not be self-contained. Moreover, the products of factorization that would take the place of those dropped cannot be limited to points or lines that are merely differently defined. There would have to be a virtually open-ended proliferation of new elements. This highly undesirable feature would not be offset by a major benefit of the revised system such as a correlation between the numbers of elements and of stereoisomers, because a complete elimination of all redundancies does not seem possible. We conclude that the system of choice is the one based on the principle that the elements of stereoisomerism allow no further factoring. Accordingly we think it best to retain the definitions given in Sects. IV and VI and their strictures that all centers and lines be occupied by atoms or bonds. 

This constancy in relative ion concentration was first postulated by Alexander Marcet in 1819 and, hence, is known as Marcet s Principle or the Rule of Constant Proportions. Formally stated, it says that regardless of how the salinity may vary from place to place, the ratios between the amounts of the major ions in the waters of the open ocean are nearly constant. ... 

The acceptance of the Substitution Principle as a workable legal act was demonstrated in a European Court of Justice (ECJ) court case in 2000. Trichloroethylene (TRI), a cancer-causing chemical, was banned in Sweden and companies had to find alternatives. Exemptions were only given when a suitable alternative was not available, when use did not lead to unacceptable exposure and on the condition that the company continued to seek alternatives. Forthe majority of exemptions, the firms had managed to substitute TRI in most of their production, but had not found a suitable alternative for a specific use in the production process. One firm appealed against the ban, but the European Court of Justice ruled against them. The ECJ ruling demonstrates acceptance of the Substitution Principle in EU courts. 

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