Maintenance exposure during

Emission of toxic, flammable or corrosive vapors when equipment is opened for clean-ing/maintenance or during charging of hazardous material. Possibility for operator exposure. 

Lemasters, G.K., D.M. Olsen, J.H. Yiin, J.E. Lockey, R. Shukla, S.G. Selevan, S.M. Schrader, G.P. Toth, D.P. Evenson, and G.B. Huszar. 1999b. Male reproductive effects of solvent and fuel exposure during aircraft maintenance. Reprod. Toxicol. 13(3) 155-166. 

Kominsky JR, Freyberg RW, Clark PJ, et al. 1998a. Asbestos exposures during routine floor tile maintenance. Parti Spray-buffing and wet-stripping. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 13(2) 101-106. 

Occupational and environmental exposure during production is possible due to accidental process breakdown and disorders in reactor operations, pumping cycles, evaporation and crystallization processes in maintenance, loading and unloading operations. Potential occupational exposure occurs via inhalation of aerosols from urea melt and hot saturated solutions, splashed to skin or eyes or inhalation of dust. 

Containment. Once the possibilities for elimination and substitution have been exhausted, the preferred method for controlling exposure is to contain the solvent, both liquid and vapour, within a totally enclosed system such that there is a physical barrier at all times between the solvent and the personnel involved in the process. The use of such closed systems enables quite toxic solvents to be handled without risk to health during normal operations. There will, however, be potential exposure during maintenance and cleaning of such equipment and special measures may be necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved. 

Suitable provisions shall be made in the design and layout of the plant to minimise exposure and contamination from all sources of radioactivity. Such provisions shall include adequate design of systems and components with respect to low radiation exposure during maintenance and inspection, shielding from direct radiation, reduction of corrosion-product activation by specification of appropriate materials, means of monitoring, control of access to the plant, minimisation of the time to be spent in contaminated areas, and suitable decontamination facilities. 

Li et al. 2009 Zhang et al. 2006 Mohammad et al. 2005 Du and Zhao 2004 Jegal et al. 2002). Furthermore, chemical stability of the membrane is a major concern, as PA in the top active layer tends to undergo ring chlorination following chlorine exposure during filtration processes. The deterioration of the top active layer will result in a drastic decrease in salt rejection, which in turn increases the maintenance cost. 

Process sampling campaigns were focused on inlet gas streams, mercury removal unit outlets, treated gas, acid gas and sales gas. The results were used to identify process areas with increased potential for mercury exposure during maintenance events. Sampling methods used for the determination of total mercury (THg) in gas phase streams, were based on the USEPA Methods 30B and EPA 1631 and EPA 1669. 

Assess and quantify the risk of occupational mercury exposure during routine and non-routine maintenance and repair events in gas plant operations. 

Low aerial discharges and low radiation exposure during maintenance and control... 

When you cannot remove the hazard and cannot replace it with a less hazardous alternative, the next best control is to guard the exposure. Guarding the exposed hazard means reducing an employee s exposure during normal operations. However, there is potential exposure during maintenance activities or if the guarding system breaks down. In this case. 

To ensure that during normal operation, maintenance and decommissioning, and in emergency situations, the radiation exposure to both workers and the public is kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account. 

Diet should be modified only in cases where foods have been proven to elicit symptoms. Patients with mastocytosis and Hymenoptera venom exposure are at risk for severe anaphylaxis. Thus, specific immunotherapy should be considered in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy and then administered under close supervision [31]. The majority of patients with mastocytosis reportedly tolerate immunotherapy without significant side effects and appear protected following this approach [33,40]. However, there does appear to be some increased risk for adverse reactions during initiation of immunotherapy, as well as for therapy failures [31, 33]. An increased maintenance dose of insect venom has been reported to carry better success rates by sting provocation [41]. Also, in the light of 2 fatal cases of anaphylaxis after discontinuation of SIT in patients with mastocytosis [30], lifelong immunotherapy should be considered [26]. 

The preparation, maintenance, and integrity of field fortification solutions during a worker exposure/re-entry field study are of the utmost importance in maintaining the integrity of such a study. 

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