Magnetism ceramics and

Process Industries Furnaces used for the fabrication of spark plug insulators, catalyst supports for automobile emission control systems, dinnerware, magnetic ceramics, and electrical ceramics are lined with ceramics. Ceramic high-temperature furnace linings and thermal insulation are used in petroleum and chemical processing, cement production, heat treatments, and paper production. 

XPS has been used in almost every area in which the properties of surfaces are important. The most prominent areas can be deduced from conferences on surface analysis, especially from ECASIA, which is held every two years. These areas are adhesion, biomaterials, catalysis, ceramics and glasses, corrosion, environmental problems, magnetic materials, metals, micro- and optoelectronics, nanomaterials, polymers and composite materials, superconductors, thin films and coatings, and tribology and wear. The contributions to these conferences are also representative of actual surface-analytical problems and studies [2.33 a,b]. A few examples from the areas mentioned above are given below more comprehensive discussions of the applications of XPS are given elsewhere [1.1,1.3-1.9, 2.34—2.39]. 

While most of the earlier research was done on metals and alloys, more recently a good deal of emphasis has been placed on ceramics and other inorganic compounds, especially functional materials used for their electrical, magnetic or optical properties. A very recent collection of papers on oxides (Boulesteix 1998) illustrates this shift neatly. In the world of polymers, the concepts of phase transformations or phase equilibria do not play such a major role 1 return to this in Chapter 8. 

The main categories of electrical/optical ceramics are as follows phosphors for TV, radar and oscilloscope screens voltage-dependent and thermally sensitive resistors dielectrics, including ferroelectrics piezoelectric materials, again including ferroelectrics pyroelectric ceramics electro-optic ceramics and magnetic ceramics. 

Poon, C. Y. andBhhushan, B., Surface Roughness Analysis of Glass-Ceramic Substrates and Finished Magnetic Disks, and Ni-P Coated Al-Mg and Glass Substrates," Wear, Vol. 190, 1995,pp. 89-109. 

Barium titanate has many important commercial apphcations. It has both ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties. Also, it has a very high dielectric constant (about 1,000 times that of water). The compound has five crystalline modifications, each of which is stable over a particular temperature range. Ceramic bodies of barium titanate find wide applications in dielectric amplifiers, magnetic amplifiers, and capacitors. These storage devices are used in digital calculators, radio and television sets, ultrasonic apparatus, crystal microphone and telephone, sonar equipment, and many other electronic devices. 

Finally, the combination of dendrimers and organometallic entities as fundamental building blocks affords an opportunity to construct an infinite variety of organometallic starburst polymeric superstructures of nanoscopic, microscopic, and even macroscopic dimensions. These may represent a promising class of organometallic materials due to their specific properties, and potential applications as magnetic ceramic precursors, nonlinear optical materials, and liquid crystal devices in nanoscale technology. 

Rao, R. B., Chattopadhyay, P. Banerjee, G. N. 1999. Removal of iron from fly ash for ceramic and refractory applications. Magnetic and Electrical Separation, 10, 21-27. 

Finally, metal- and resin-bonded composites are also classified as particulate composites. Metal-bonded composites included structural parts, electrical contact materials, metal-cutting tools, and magnet materials and are formed by incorporating metallic or ceramic particulates such as WC, TiC, W, or Mo in metal matrixes through traditional powder metallurgical or casting techniques. Resin-bonded composites are composed of particulate fillers such as silica flour, wood flour, mica, or glass spheres in phenol-formaldehyde (Bakelite), epoxy, polyester, or thermoplastic matrixes. 

Available results on the preparation, characterization, and utilization of metallic and catalytic particles (Sect. 3), semiconductor particles and particulate films (Sect. 4), conductors and superconductors (Sect. 5), magnetism and magnetic particles and particulate films (Sect. 6), and advanced ceramic materials (Sect. 7) will constitute the main body of the monograph. An attempt will be made to cover these materials exhaustively. 

FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS. The dielectric analogs of ferromagnetic materials. Their uses parallel those of ferromagnetic materials in such applications as magnetostriclive transducers, magnetic amplifiers, and magnetic information storage devices. Rochelle salt was the first ferroelectric material to be discovered and the barium titanale ceramics arc materials of this type... 

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