Magnetically induced

Vollmer R 1998 Magnetization-induced second harmonic generation from surfaces and ultrathin films Nonlinear Optics in Metals e6 K H Bennemann (Oxford Clarendon) pp 42-131... 

There is no Kerr rotation or Kerr ellipticity for pure /flight or for mixed r- and p-light in the transverse geometry, but there is a magnetization induced change in the surface reflectivity. 

A. I. Abrikosov, P. James, O. Eriksson, P. Soderlind, A. V. Ruban, H. L. Skriver, and B. Johansson, Magnetically induced crystal structure and phase stability in FecCoi c, Phys. Rev. B (to be published). 

Further experimental examples of temperature-dependent and magnetically-induced quadrupole splittings are provided in the first volume of this book (Chap. 6, see CD-ROM, Part VI) and also in Sect. 9.4 in Chap. 9 of the present volume. 

The rate of si hydrate formation for comparison is also indicated. As seen, the nucleation without LMGS is almost instantaneous however the rate is slower than TBME. The observed rates are generally linear in the first 30 minutes however they tend to slow down as soon as sufficient hydrate slurry is present in the suspension. This occurs when 10% of water has been converted into hydrate where the magnetic induced mixing cannot perform its job well. Hence better contacting mode may be required that implies higher power consumption required due to an increase in viscosity of the suspension. This is not encouraging because of the low conversion. 

The magnetically induced electric field falls off much less rapidly with distance than the fields from the surface electrodes, thus enabling structures at greater depths to be stimulated without the high fields at the surface that stimulate pain fibers. For example, relative to the surface field, the magnetically induced electric field at a depth of 40 mm will be approximately 10 times greater than that produced by the large electrode pair. (Barker 1991)... 

Finally, it has to be mentioned that, in addition to the magnetically induced effects on the lattice parameters, there is also a shifting of the Gd atoms within the unit cell. As discussed above, the relative atomic position parameter ZGd changes by about —0.003 due to the magnetic ordering. 

The signs of optical activity or of the Faraday effect (magnetically induced optical activity see Appendix) used by physicists are frequently opposite to the chemically defined ones. Furthermore, the handness in liquid crystals, such as cholestric or chiral smectic ones, often has been defined erroneously and thus confused. 

In contrast to n-n transitions, the n-n transitions of heterocyclic compounds and carbonyl-containing rings are often polarized in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the ring. Linear dichroism of cytosine, adenine, and other nucleic acid bases has been measured on single crystals and in partially oriented polymer films.71 Magnetically induced linear dichroism provides a new tool for study of metalloproteins.72... 

The most spectacular applications of ECLs are the possibility of direct overwrite (DOW) with laser modulation (79,80) and of magnetically induced superresolution (81,82). The stacks comprise at least a storage layer s and a bias layer b. For both applications, the storage layer s has the lower Tc and the higher ff. at room temperature when compared to the bias layer b. At room temperature, b is homogeneously magnetized (initialized) by an external permanent magnet (H ttal is about 400 kA/m (5 kOe)). 

J. Wang, D. Xu and R. Polsky, Magnetically-induced sofid-state electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124 (2002) 4208-4209. 

A novel NP-based detection of DNA hybridisation based on magnetically induced direct electrochemical detection of the 1.4 nm Au67 QD tag linked to the target DNA was reported by Pumera et al. [55]. The Au67 NP tag was directly detected after the DNA hybridisation event, without need of acidic (i.e., HBr/Br2) dissolution [55]. 

Recently, Castaneda et al. [64] developed two AuNPs based geno-sensor designs, for detection of DNA hybridisation. Both assay formats were based on a magnetically induced direct electrochemical detection of the AuNPs tags on M-GECE. The AuNPs tags are also directly detected after the DNA hybridisation event without the need of acidic dissolution. 

Since heteroatoms are generally more electronegative than carbon, a carbon-heteroatom bond will have an electron density that is localized towards the heteroatom. The result is a permanent dipole that is analogous in its electronic properties to a bar magnet. This permanent dipole can induce a dipole in an otherwise neutral portion of another molecule in the same manner that a magnet induces a dipole in a piece of steel. The resulting attraction is referred to as a dipole-induced dipole, or Debye interaction. 

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