Direct overwrite

The most spectacular applications of ECLs are the possibiUty of direct overwrite (DOW) with laser modulation (79,80) and of magnetically iaduced superresolution (81,82). The stacks comprise at least a storage layer s and a bias layer b. For both appHcations, the storage layer s has the lower and the higher at room temperature when compared to the bias layer b. At room temperature, b is homogeneously magnetized (initialized) by an external permanent magnet is about 400 kA/m (5 kOe)). 

A method for direct overwrite uses two coupled R-M layers. One layer is known as the reference layer and has low coercive force and high Curie temperature. The second layer, known as the memory layer, has high coercivity and low T. First, the magnetisation of the reference layer is oriented downward, by an initialising field with an intensity lower than... 

Fig. 6.37. Direct overwrite by beam modulation on a bilayer (a) the reference layer is oriented by a strong field (b) the memory layer is oriented at the low-power laser and (c) both layers are oriented by a weak field at the high-power laser. (Adapted from Marchant, 1990.)...

Saito, J., Sato, M., Matsumoto, H. Akasaka, H. (1987). Direct overwrite by light power modulation on magnetooptical multilayered media. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 26, Supplement 26-4 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Optical Memory 87, 155-9. 

Finally, specify the makeup feed stream input to the second mixer to have a temperature of 35°C and pressure of 2 bar. To be an effective makeup stream, the flow rates of MDEA and H2O must equal the flow rates of those two components lost via the CO2 product and clean syngas streams. Although trivial to compute at the moment, once the recycle loop is closed, this number must be computed for each flow sheet convergence iteration in order to be able to physically achieve a steady state and prevent eventual dry-up of the solvent. Unlike ProMax, which has a Make-up/Blow-down block to handle this specific scenario. Aspen Plus has more generic tools that can be used instead. For example, a calculator block can be added that computes and sets the inlet composition and flow rate of the makeup feed stream for every flowsheet iteration. To do this, first configure the makeup stream to have a mole flow of H2O and MDEA of 1 kmol/h each. These are strictly dummy variables. However, it is critical that the Total Flow Rate is left blank. By specifying it in this manner, we are creating a specification in which the calculator block will be able to directly overwrite the dummy numbers of 1 kmol/h with its own calculations just before the second Mixer block executes. 

If elements, species, stability constants, and/or solubility constants that are unavailable in an existing data set, should be used for one task only, it is advisable to define them directly in the input file rather than to change the data set itself. As a declaration in an input file always has a higher rank, it overwrites information of a data set. Like in a data set, the keyword SOLUTION MASTER SPECIES has to be used to define the element (e.g. C), the ionic form (e.g. C03-2), the contribution of the element to alkalinity (e.g. 2.0), the mole mass of the species for... 

For data, the approach is similar, except that these go directly into the spreadsheet rather than in a module. Therefore, in Excel 95, delete step (1) above, but proceed directly to steps (2) and (3), except that you now import the file called Data. Similarly, for Excel 97, there is no need to find the module, and in fact the procedure is now the same for Excel 97 and Excel 95. Make sure that the mouse pointer points to the top of an empty column or, better yet, the left-top corner of an empty spreadsheet, so that the imported data will not overwrite anything in the spreadsheet. 

The AFM nanorubbing can be easily overwritten by performing a subsequent scan in a different direction, as shown in Fig. 7.10. This behaviour is well known in normal cloth rubbing, where the entire surface is affected by the rubbing process. Surprisingly, such overwrite behaviour was also observed for AFM patterned ITO surfaces [34]. 

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