Magnetic seeding

McKinley, J.P. Jenne, E.A. (1991) Experimental investigation and review of the solids concentration" effect in adsorption studies. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25 2082-2087 McKinnon, W. Choung, J.W. Xu, Z. Einch, J.A. (2000) Magnetic seed in ambient temperature ferrite process applied to acid mine drainage treatment. Environ. Sci. Techn. 34 2575-2581... 

As a result, nearly perfect interfaces between the ferromagnetic material and the semiconductor are not a prerequisite for efficient spin injection. It is for example possible to insert a non-magnetic seed layer between the ferromagnetic base layer and the semiconductor collector. Since hot electrons retain their spin moment while traversing the thin non-magnetic layer this will not drastically reduce the spin polarization of the injected current. Finally, since electron injection is ballistic in SVT and MTT devices the spin injection efficiency is not fundamentally limited by a substantial conductivity mismatch between metals and semiconductors [161, 162], The latter is the case in diffusive ferromagnetic metal/semiconductor contacts [163],... 

Relle, S. and B. S. Grant (1998). One-step process for particle separation by magnetic seeding, Langmuir. 14, 9, 2316-2328. 

In addition to tire standard model systems described above, more exotic particles have been prepared witli certain unusual properties, of which we will mention a few. For instance, using seeded growtli teclmiques, particles have been developed witli a silica shell which surrounds a core of a different composition, such as particles witli magnetic [12], fluorescent [13] or gold cores [14]. Anotlier example is tliat of spheres of polytetrafluoroetliylene (PTFE), which are optically anisotropic because tire core is crystalline [15]. 

Chemical Inhomogenities or Compositional Separation. Compositional separation at the grain boundaries influences the magnetic interactions of the individual grains. Deposition parameters such as temperature, substrate material, and the use of a seed layer play an important role. 

Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LR-NMR) systems are routinely used for food quality assurance in laboratory settings [25]. NMR based techniques are standardized and approved by the American Oil Chemist s Society (AOCS) (AOCSd 16b-93, AOCS AK 4-95), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (solid fat content, IUPAC Norm 2.150) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) (oil seeds, ISO Dis/10565, ISO CD 10632). In addition to these standardized tests, low resolution NMR is used to measure moisture content, oil content and the state (solid or liquid) of fats in food. Table 4.7.1 summarizes common food products that are analyzed by low-resolution NMR for component concentration. 

Huan et al. [41] measured the behavior of a small fluidized bed consisting of 45-80 mustard seeds in a small-bore vertical magnet. The small sample size allowed short pulses, and spatial distribution of collision correlation times and granular temperature were measured directly and compared with the hydrodynamic theory of Garzo and Dufty [42], This paper [41] contains an excellent survey of previous experiments on fluidized beds. 

I want to mention here three different possibilities first, that the central object formed in the coalescence remains stable for (at least) a short time of the order a second before collapsing to black hole. During this time the seed magnetic fields can be amplified drastically and the central object can, as some kind of a superpulsar , launch a short lived relativistic wind. Second, similar field amplification processes are expected to occur in the accretion torus around the central object. Finally, if the central object should collapse immediately into a... 

We expect an efficient a — Q-dynamo to be at work in the merger remnant. The differential rotation will wind up initial poloidal into a strong toroidal field ( Q-effect ), the fluid instabilities/convection will transform toroidal fields into poloidal ones and vice versa ( a—effect ). Usually, the Rossby number, Ro = is adopted as a measure of the efficiency of dynamo action in a star. In the central object we find Rossby numbers well below unity, 0.4, and therefore expect an efficient amplification of initial seed magnetic fields. A convective dynamo amplifies initial fields exponentially with an e-folding time given approximately by the convective overturn time, rc ss 3 ms the saturation field strength is thereby independent of the initial seed field (Nordlund et al. 1992). 

---