Folding times

Figure C2.5.8. Plot of the folding times Tp as a fimction of cr nfor tlie 22 sequences. This figure shows tlrat under tire external conditions when tire NBA is tire most populated tlrere is a remarkable correlation between ip and The correlation coefficient is 0.94. It is clear tlrat over a four orders of magnitude of folding times Xp = expf-a, / Oq) where CTq is a constant. The filled and open circles correspond to different contact interactions used in C2.5.1. The open squares are for A = 36.

We expect an efficient a — Q-dynamo to be at work in the merger remnant. The differential rotation will wind up initial poloidal into a strong toroidal field ( Q-effect ), the fluid instabilities/convection will transform toroidal fields into poloidal ones and vice versa ( a—effect ). Usually, the Rossby number, Ro = is adopted as a measure of the efficiency of dynamo action in a star. In the central object we find Rossby numbers well below unity, 0.4, and therefore expect an efficient amplification of initial seed magnetic fields. A convective dynamo amplifies initial fields exponentially with an e-folding time given approximately by the convective overturn time, rc ss 3 ms the saturation field strength is thereby independent of the initial seed field (Nordlund et al. 1992). 

Using the f value, let us define the time-dependent quality 2 [f (f)/f (0) - 1] and three intermediate folding times fi/4, t]/2, and 3/4, describing its evolution, as well as the corresponding sequence-averaged probability distribution functions Wi/4, Wi/2, and W3/4. The distribution of folding times averaged over 1000 different sequences of 128-unit HP copolymers with random, random-block, and protein-like statistics are shown in Fig. 26. 

Fig. 26 Distributions of folding times for 128-unit HP copolymers with protein-like, random-block, and random statistics...

The interpretation of 2AP fluorescence in terms of the folding pathway of the ribozyme indicates that there are at least three states in the process (Fig. 13.2). Stopped-flow fluorescence experiments over the folding time-course of 10 s show that the initial increase in 2AP fluorescence occurs rapidly (feDbs = 106 s and is followed by three slower phases that greatly decrease its fluorescence. 

Data for vibrational-translational energy transfer are usually presented as a relaxation-time-pressure product pr, where r refers to the e-folding time... 

Figure 8 Oxidation of SO2 to SO4 in the Pinatubo stratospheric cloud. The total SO2 mass curve indicates the loss of SO2 by oxidation to sulfate aerosol according to an initial loading of 17 Tg of SO2 (after Read et at. (1993), and 3 Tg lower than the TOMS-only estimate of Bluth et al. (1992)) and a 33 d e-folding time. The circles indicate satellite measurements of stratospheric SO2 burden from Read et al. (1993). The total aerosol mass curve is obtained by modeling the aerosol mass generated by sulfate oxidation and an e-folding time for aerosol loss of 1 yr. The squares show estimates of the stratospheric aerosol mass from Baran et al. (1993). Daily rates of SO2 conversion and aerosol production are shown by the two other curves (labeled).

The residence time (or renewal time) is defined by the e-folding time, 1/e. In this example it is the time required for the difference between the concentration and its initial value to reach 63% of the difference between the initial and final values. The process of renewing the water in the pool is 63% of the way to completion. 

Figure 12. Non-Arrhenius folding kinetics. The folding time as a function of the intrachain interaction energy or equivalently temperature.

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