Magnesium polymer electrolyte

DI NOTO V (2002), Electrical spectroscopy studies of lithium and magnesium polymer electrolytes based on PEG400 , / P/iys Chem B, 106,11139-11154. 

Ramasamy, C., J. Palma, and M. Anderson. 2014. A 3-V electrochemical capacitor study based on a magnesium polymer gel electrolyte by three different carbon materials. Journal of Solid SttUe Electrochemistry 18 2903-2911. 

Pandey GP, Kumar Y, Hashmi SA (2011) Ionic liquid incorporated PEO based polymer electrolyte for electrical double layer capacitors a comparative study with lithium and magnesium systems. Solid State Ion 190(l) 93-98... 

Other isotopes often studied in polymer electrolyte research are those of different metal cations. In the literature, measurements on sodium Na, magnesium Mg, potassium copper Cu, nickel Ni, aluminum AI... 

Another behaviour different from that of the typical three types was shown by a gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposite consisting of PVDF-HFP with a mixture of EC and PC as the liquid electrolyte, the ion salt Mg(C104)2, and the nanosized filler magnesium oxide, MgO. The conductivity temperature dependence followed the relation log a vs. 7" , with curves that were linear up to 60 °C, and thereafter no conductivity enhancement was observed. This is typical conductivity behaviour for gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposite films. ... 

Polydrill is a sulfonated polymer for filtration control in water-based drilling fluids [1775]. Tests demonstrated the product s thermal stability up to 200° C and its outstanding electrolyte tolerance. Polydrill can be used in NaCl-saturated drilling fluids as well as in muds containing 75,000 ppm of calcium or 100,000 ppm of magnesium. A combination of starch with Poly drill was used successfully in drilling several wells. The deepest hole was drilled with 11 to 22 kg/m of pregelatinized starch and 2.5 to 5.5 kg/m of Polydrill to a depth of 4800 m. Field experience with the calcium-tolerant starch/Polydrill system useful up to 145° C has been discussed in detail [1774]. 

This process is based on the separation of a water-soluble solvent from aqueous solution through the salting-out effect. Initially, polymer and drug are dissolved in a solvent such as acetone and then the polymer solution is emulsified into an aqueous solution containing electrolytes (such as magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium acetate), non-electrolytes (such as sucrose), and a colloidal stabilizer such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) or hydroxyethylcellulose. Finally, the oil/water emulsion is diluted with a sufficient volume of water to enhance the diffusion of acetone into the aqueous phase by inducing the formation of nanospheres. Both the... 

Recent work has involved the production of organosilanes and germanes, as small molecules or polymeric systems by electroreduction of the appropriate halo species at a reactive metal cathode (magnesium, aluminum, sometimes copper) in aprotic media. The same metal is used as a sacrificial anode, and the cell is undivided. Thus, with lithium perchlorate as electrolyte in THE solvent, a dichlorosilane such as PhMeSiCl2 gives a polysilane of Mn -- 3000 in 22% yield. This contrasts with earlier work at Hg cathodes in divided cells, where Si-0-containing polymers and cyclotetrasilanes were obtained. Simultaneous... 

Ultimately, this combination of requirements led to the pencil sharpener cell, in which the magnesium anode was a rod (diameter 40 cm) with one end shaped as the point of a pencil. The shaped part of the anode sat within a conforming, conical cathode (Pb-plated stainless steel), with the electrodes separated by a thin polymer spacer. The weight of the anode ensured that the anode pressed down on the spacer and that the shape was maintained as metal was lost from the anode. The production unit had two such cells, each with an active electrode area of 0.6 m, and was operated with a cell current of 600 A. The operating pressure was 5 bar, and electrolyte was circulated though the cell from a 400 liter reservoir. For the manufacture of fenoprofen the unit was operated in batches, whereby a batch of 60 kg chloroethyldiphenylether was dissolved in 340 kg dimethylformamide that also contained 3 kg tetrabutylammonium bromide. Each batch, when processed for 28 h, led to 50 kg of isolated fenoprofen. The good yield ( 80%) showed the electrolytic route to fenoprofen to be very competitive with more traditional syntheses. 

Two types of stabilizers are used, one of which is basically the type of water-soluble polymers (often in the presence of an electrolyte or a buffer) and the other is a type of water-insoluble inorganic compounds. The former type includes polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl cellulose, sodium poly(styrene sulfonate), and sodium salt of acrylic acid-acrylate ester copolymer. The latter type includes magnesium silicate hydroxide (TALC), hydroxyapatite, barium sulfate, kaolin, magnesium carbonate and hydroxide. 

These metals are all produced by electrolysis of a mixture of molten metal chlorides the electrolyte composition is selected to minimize the process temperature and to ensure that it is the desired metal that is discharged at the cathode. The estimated annual world production of sodium and magnesium is a few hundred thousand tons while that for lithium is only a few thousand tons. The major uses are (a) sodium-manufacture of lead alkyls, isolation of titanium metal, production of several organic and inorganic substances (b) magnesium-organic synthesis, metal alloys (c) lithium - polymer initiation, organic synthesis and batteries. 

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