Macrostructural changes

It follows from all above said that carbon particles interact with the lead active mass, being adsorbed on its surface and/or incorporated in the bulk of the lead skeleton branches. This results in macrostructural changes (reduced median pore radius and increased specific surface area of NAM). Thus, carbon additives alter the very nature of the lead electrode, converting it into a lead—carbon electrode, which will inevitably affect its electrochemical behaviour. The latter will depend on the affinity of carbon to lead, on the electrical conductivity of the carbon additive and on the electrochemical properties of the carbon surface. 

Austenitic Steel weld has a well defined transcrystalline (oriented) macrostructure with continuously changing orientation of the crystal axis - from the periphery towards the centre the angle between the axis of the crystal and the axis of the weld is changed from 90 to 0 degrees. Weld metal eould be possible to approximate in the form of a discrete combination of crystals with parallel axes of the crystallites. 

Abstract. The subject of this research are the regularities of the particles motion in the electric and thermoelectric fields with distributed potential and the influence of temperature field to the particle motion trajectories in aggregate electric and thermal fields. The analytical solution of the problem of particle motion in thermoelectric field with distributed potential is produced. Common regularities of particle motion and trajectory changes in such fields are derived. It is shown that nonlinear curves give a nonconsiderable part of the trajectory within the macrostructures and so the trajectory shape doesn t considerably influence the electron flow transformation process. Conversely, the trajectory shape does influence the aforesaid processes in micro- and nanostructures defining the specific ways of transformation. 

It was demonstrated by research that the rectilinear form of electron flow trajectory is characteristic for macrostructures and the temperature doesn t considerably influence the overall process in this circumstances. At the same time changing of initial particle velocity (by varying the temperature or the potential) just leads to changing of accelerating area width and electron flow intensity near the anode. The influence... 

At this point, the final specifications for the one or two chosen product(s) after selection process should be identified. This can be done using a three-step procedure. First, we define the product micro and macrostructure. Second, we rank the product s most important attributes, an effort that forces a review of how the product will be used. Third, we review any chemical triggers, that is, chemical stimuli which cause major changes in product properties. Finally, we turn to the manufacture itself, which relies on technical know-how of thermodynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, and unit operations. Some of these ideas are illustrated in the following example. Except for a schematic of the manufacturing process, the many details related to the manufacturing plant are omitted in this discussion. 

In the bottom-up approach, a large variety of ordered nano-, micro-and macrostructures may be obtained by changing the balance of all the attractive and repulsive forces between the structure-forming molecules or particles. This can be achieved by altering the environmental conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, presence of specific substances or ions) and the concentration of molecules/particles in the system (Min et al., 2008). As this takes place, the interrelated processes of formation and stabilization are both important considerations in the production of nanoparticles. In addition, as particles grow in size a number of intrinsic properties change, some qualitatively, others quantitatively some affect the equilibrium (thermodynamic) properties, and others affect the nonequilibrium (dynamic) properties such as relaxation times. 

In the paraelectric phase at T > Tm, where polar clusters vanish and beam-coupling is not possible because the polar macrostructure is no longer present, only the weak seed scattering is observed. Due to the drastic changes in the domain structure at the phase transition, the seed scattering at 130 °C differs from that at 28 °C both in the total amount and in the angular distribution. 

Chemically modified silica fillers with grafted methyl groups or methyl and silicon hydride groups, influenced the micro- and macrostructures of various copolymers. Changes in cross-linking, orderliness, crystallinity, microtacticity and conformation of macromolecules have been detected in the presence of fillers. Surface functionality of the silica filler determines the disposition of macromolecular chains at the interface. 

So far most of the pertinent literature interprets interactions between polymer and a second sorbed component on the basis of the colligative properties of the system. This information is summarized in Sect. 2 of this review. From those reports, I inferred that some sort of association of the small penetrant molecules with the repeat unit of the polymer is a prerequisite condition for the sequential changes described above. This implies that the magnitude of polymer swelling should be directly related to how well the molecular structure of the small molecule can be accommodated by the molecular structure of the polymer repeat unit in view of the macrostructure of that polymer (i.e. the crosslink density). The results obtained in our laboratory, which are summarized in Sect. 3 of this Review, are thoroughly consistent with that hypothesis. In Sect. 4 these interpretations are extended to correlate the colligative properties of Sect. 2. 

For isotropic or one-dimensional conditions. Figure 4 shows the two stress spaces mentioned before. Also indicated are the assumed positions of the yield locus which mark the initiation of irreversible strains The Loading -Collapse (LC) curve in the case of the macrostructure and the Suction-Decrease (SD) curve in the case of microstructural changes. More details of the model may be found in Alonso (1998) and Alonso et al (1999)... 

Fast chemical reaction conditions also change the conditions of the reaction torch front lower boundary formation (Figure 4.5, points 5, 6). With an increase of the chemical reaction constant value k, the ratio of the linear rates of the reactant supply to the reactor, necessary for the torch mode lower boundary formation, decreases. The kinetic parameters of the chemical reaction, in this case, the rate constants, do not change the area where the corresponding macrostructures are formed. The ratio of rates V1/V2, necessary for torch mode and quasi-plug flow mode formation, shifts to the area of their smaller values. 

The effect of low-doses gamma radiation on the quenched forms of isotactic polypropylene was the subject of our previous work (1). In this work, we have studied the effects of gamma radiation on the monoclinic and hexagonal phase. The macrostructural states of iPP before and after irradiation were followed and the noticed effects were then related to its melting behaviour and molecular weight changes. 

Meanwhile, the macrostructure of the silver deposit produced at an overpotential of 1,000 mV was completely different than that of the copper electrodeposited at the same overpotential. As already mentioned, holes formed by attached hydrogen bubbles surrounded by cauliflower-like agglomerates of copper grains (the honeycomblike structure see other chapters) were formed by copper electrodeposition at an overpotential of 1,000 mV [7, 8, 10-13]. The copper powder obtained by tapping the powdered deposit consists of an aggregate of small cauliflower-like particles [14]. Similar copper structures were also observed by electrodeposition at periodically changing rate [15-20]. 

Fig. 5.98 A structural model is shown which provides a schematic of the macrostructures in moldings and extrudates - structures such as layers, bands and skin-core textures. Process changes appear to affect the macrostructures while the nature of the fine structures appear similar overall. (From Sawyer and Jaffe [430] reproduced with permission.)...

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