Macrophage stimulating protein serum

A cDNA encoding adipophilin was identified in cultured human macrophages stimulated with oxidised LDL using mRNA differential display (Wang et al. 1999). Adipophihn is a 50 kDa protein known to be a specific marker for adipocyte cell differentiation and hpid accumulation in a variety of cells. The time-dependent induction of adipophilin mRNA in macrophages was specific to oxidised LDL but not native LDL, and not to various cytokines and serum. In human atherosclerotic lesions, adipophihn mRNA expression was locahsed in the subset of hpid-rich macrophages. 

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important infection in bum-injured patients. Improvement of the immune system by IL-18 treatment increased the survival of bum-injured mice submitted to MRS A infection. IL-18 increased the serum levels of TNF, IL-17, IL-23, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-2), and neutrophil counts. The treatment also improved... 

GM-CSF is undetectable in the serum of normal humans, and no normal cells have been shown to express this protein constitutively. Some transformed cells may constitutively express GM-CSF, and it is actively synthesised and secreted by antigen- and lectin-stimulated T cells and by endothelial cells and fibroblasts exposed to TNF, IL-1 or endotoxin. Other sources of GM-CSF include stimulated B lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells and osteoblasts, whilst TNF and IL-1 can stimulate its production by acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Some solid tumours and synovial cells from rheumatoid joints may also express GM-CSF and this may be important in disease pathology. 

Similar results were observed for the stabilization of an antibody produced in hairy root culture [11]. In contrast, some proteins are more resistant to stabilization efforts. As shown in Fig. 3, plant-produced granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Interleukin 4 (IL-4) are only moderately stabilized with the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The use of known stabilizers such as PVP and gelatin was ineffective for these proteins. This difference highlights the need for more general protein stabilizers for use in plant cell cultures. 

Elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LX)H) and surfactant proteins (SP-A and SP-D) Neutrahzing autoantihodies to granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)... 

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