Lymphokines interleukins

Hor S, Pirzer H, Dumoutier L, Bauer F, Wittmann S, Sticht H, Renauld JC, de Waal Malefyt R, Fickenscher H. The T-cell lymphokine interleukin-26 targets epithelial cells through the interleukin-20 receptor 1 and interleukin-10 receptor 2 chains. / Biol Chem 2004 279 33343-51. 

Recovery of Lymphokines. A number of pilot-scale production runs were performed using a murine cell line which is a constitutive producer of a lymphokine, interleukin-3. This material is approximately 28,000 daltons, and was produced in low protein medium,... 

One component of the age-ielated decline in immune function is decreased production of the lymphokine that promotes the growth of T-ceUs, interleukin 2 (IL-2). Administration of recombinant-derived IL-2, both in vitro and in vivo, appears to restore certain immune functions in aged mice. Recovery of T-regulatory effects on B-ceU differentiation has been reported in human cells from elderly patients treated with IL-1 and/or IL-2 (42). Similar effects have been observed in the presence of the pentapeptide thymopentin [69558-55-0] (Arg Lys Asp Val Tyr), a weU-known IL-2 inducer. Recombinant IL-2 adrninistered to aged mice for three weeks has been shown to correct the T-ceU functional deficiency associated with antigen-specific immunoglobulin production by certain lymphoid tissue (43). 

These are supplied by the secretion of peptide molecules (termed cytokines or lymphokines) fiom a subset of the T-cell family (the helper T cells, TH cells). These peptide molecules (interleukins (IL) 2,4,5 and 6) stimulate the B cells to proliferate, undergo clonal expansion and mature into plasma cells which secrete antibody and also into the longer-hving, non-dividing memory cells. 

Seder, RA., Paul, W.E., Davis, M.M. and Farekas de St Groth, B. (1992b) The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine producing potential of CD4+ T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice. Journal of Experimental Medicine 176, 1091—1098. 

The term cytokine was first introduced in the mid 1970s. It was applied to polypeptide growth factors controlling the differentiation and regulation of cells of the immune system. The interferons and interleukins represented the major polypeptide families classified as cytokines at that time. Additional classification terms were also introduced, including lymphokines (cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN-y, produced by lymphocytes) and monokines (cytokines such as TNF-a, produced by monocytes). However, classification on the basis of producing cell types also proved inappropriate, as most cytokines are produced by a range of cell types (e.g. both lymphocytes and monocytes produce IFN-a). 

Stimulation for 24 hours with LPS leads to the release of interleukin-1 [3, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a and by prolonging the incubation period from 48 to 72 hours, the whole blood model can detect the release of other lymphokines [45], including IL-2, IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-y. Skewing of the T-helper cell response to antigens can likewise be detected by evaluating the pattern of cytokine release, corresponding to a predominance of Th 1 or Th2 cytokine production. The predictive value of these approaches is currently under investigation. 

Wood, D.D. et al., Role of Interleukin-1 in the Adjuvanticity of Muramyl Dipeptide in Vivo, in Interleukins, Lymphokines and Cytokines, Oppenheim, J J. and Cohen, S., Eds., Raven Press, New York, 1983... 

While the majority of attention has focused on peptides contained within the nervous system, two other important methods for delivering peptides to the vicinity of the mast cell have been established (1) peptides produced and secreted by other cells of inflammation that may affect mast-cell function and (2) the local generation of mast-cell-active peptides by secreted enzymes acting on circulating protein precursors. Examples of the former include several, as yet ill-defined, peptide factors and cationic proteins from other immunocompetent cells [66-69], defined lymphokines such as the interleukin-1 [70] and interleukin-3 [71], and tumour necrosis factor [70], Examples of the latter include bradykinin [72] and a recently identified peptide produced by the action of acid proteinases on albumin [73, 74]. 

Interleukins are a group of lymphokines that act on other leucocytes to control the immune process. 

A protein whose degradation pattern is even more difficult to explain is recombinant human interleukin 2 (rhIL-2), a lymphokine produced by T-cells and being developed as an immunomodulator. This protein, which consists... 

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes are called lymphokines, and those produced by monocytes are termed monokines. Lymphocytes and monocytes are different types of white blood cells. The major lymphokines are interferons (IFNs) and some interleukins (ILs). Monokines include other interleukins and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 

There is an extremely large number of cytokines only the most important representatives are listed opposite. The cytokines include interleukins (IL), lymphokines, monokines, chemokines, interferons (IFN), and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). Via interleukins, immune cells stimulate the proliferation and activity of other immune cells (see p. 294). Interferons are used medically in the treatment of viral infections and other diseases. 

T-lymphocytes are preferentially inhibited. The T-helper cell is the main target, although the T-suppressor cell also may be suppressed. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and release including interleukin-2. 

Several proteins that stimulate subsets of lymphocytes involved in various aspects of the immune response are now produced by recombinant DNA techniques. The pharmacology of these lymphokines as potential anticancer agents is being investigated. Interleukin (IL) 2, originally described as a T-cell growth factor, induces the production of cytotoxic lymphocytes (lymphokine-activated killer cells, or LAK cells). IL-2 produces remissions in 10 to 20% of patients with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma when infused at high doses either alone or with lymphocytes that were previously harvested from the patient and incubated with IL-2 in vitro. 

Interleukins or lymphokines Leukocytes or white blood cells... 

Suppresses activation of T lymphocytes by inhibiting production and release of lymphokines, specifically interleukin-2... 

Binds to a T-cell binding protein and prevents synthesis of interleukin-2 and other lymphokines essential to T-lymphocyte function... 

Kung AW, Lai CL, Wong KL, Tam CF. Thyroid functions in patients treated with interleukin-2 and lymphokine-acti-vated killer cells. Q J Med 1992 82(297) 33-42. 

Lymphokines Chemicals released from activated lymphocytes that help mediate various aspects of the immune response. Common lymphokines include the interleukins and gamma interferon. 

---