Lutra

Jaffe, H., Hayes, D. K., Lutra, R. P., Shuka, P. G., Amarnath, N., and Chaney, N. A., Controlled release micro-spheres of insect hormone analogues, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 12, 282, 1985. 

Evans RD, Addison EM, Villeneuve JY, MacDonald KS, Joachim DG. 1998. An examination of spatial variation in mercury concentrations in otter Lutra canadensis) in south-central Ontario. Sci Total Environ 213 239-245. 

O Connor DJ, Nielsen SW. 1981. Environmental survey of methyhnercury levels in wild mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) from the northeastern United States and experimental pathology of methylmercurialism in the otter. In Chapman JD, Pursley D, editors. World Furbearer Conf Proc. Frostburg, MD, p. 1728-1745. 

River otter, Lutra canadensis >2.0 mg/kg in diet Fatal within 7 months 4, 8... 

Mason, C.F. and A.B. Madsen. 1992. Mercury in Danish otters (Lutra lutra). Chemosphere 25 865-867. 

Ropek, R.M. and R.K. Neely. 1993. Mercury levels in Michigan river otters, Lutra canadensis. Jour. Freshwat. Ecol. 8 141-147. 

River otter, Lutra canadensis-, Ontario, Canada ... 

Otters (Lutra lutra) were found only on a single unpolluted tributary of a river system contaminated by zinc mine drainage waste, suggesting that a contaminated food supply may be responsible for avoiding otherwise suitable habitat (Mason and Macdonald 1988). 

Mirex concentrations in muscle and liver of mammalian wildlife in Alabama and Georgia during the period 1973 to 1976 from reference areas were always less than 0.04 mg mirex/kg FW in muscle and less than 0.07 mg/kg FW in liver (Hill and Dent 1985). In mirex-treated areas, conspecifics were collected up to 2 years posttreatment. Maximum concentrations of mirex in muscle and liver from mirex-treated areas were always less than 1.0 mg/kg FW in raccoons, bobcats (Lynx rufus), mink (Mustela vison), and foxes (Urocyon sp., Vulpes sp.). Higher concentrations of 3.7 mg/kg FW in muscle and 1.1 mg/kg FW in liver were measured in the river otter (Lutra... 

Populations of bats in Europe have been declining, and PCBs together with pesticides and wood preservatives are the suspected main causes of the decline (Fernandez et al. 1993). Three species of bats collected in Spain in 1988 to 1990 contained only a few dominant PCB congeners PCBs 138, 153, and 180 accounted for about 80% of the total PCB burden in whole bats (Fernandez et al. 1993). But the most abundant PCB congeners in brain and liver of European otters (Lutra) were in the descending order of PCBs 163, 153, 138, and 170, each constituting at least 10% of the total PCB burden (Mason and Ratford 1994). 

European otter, Lutra lutra total PCBs liver vs. diet 34,750 (4430-222,180) LW vs. 2560 LW 11... 

Lopez-Martin, J.M. and J. Ruiz-Olmo. 1996. Organochlorine residue levels and concentration factors in otters (Lutra lutra L.) from northeast Spain. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57 532-535. 

Mason, C.F. and J.R. Ratford. 1994. PCB congeners in tissues of European otters (Lutra). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53 548-554. 

The relative concentrations of constituents of the anal sac secretion in male stoats, Mustek erminea, are distinct for different individuals, but consistent over time for each individual. This possibly permits individual recognition of territory owners (Erlinge etal., 1982). The chemical composition of the anal gland of the otter, Lutra lutra (Gorman etal., 1978) and the subcaudal gland of the badger, Meles meles (Kruuk etal., 1984) also differ with the individuals. 

River otter , lutra Feces, urine, AGS Trowbridge, 1983,... 

Otters, L. lutra, scent mark with feces, called spraints in Britain. One study noted 12 times more frequent marking in winter when food is scarce than in summer. Spraints perhaps advertise depletion of patchy, recurrent resources to other otters and space out the animals. This non-competitive resource partitioning does not require agonistic reinforcement (Kruuk, 1992). Carnivores in general may heavily mark stable resource patches (Macdonald, 1980). 

Gorman, M. L., Jenkins, D., and Cooper, R. J. (1978). The anal scent sacs of the otter [Lutra lutra). Journal of Zoology 186,463-474. 

Scent marking by otters Lutra lutra) signaling the use of resources. Behavioral Ecology 3,133-140. 

Trowbridge, B. J. (1983). Olfactory communication of the European otter Lutra lutra L. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, UK. 

Murk, A. J., Leonards, P.E.G., VanHattum, B., Luit, R., Van der Weiden, M., Smit, M.D. (1998). Application of biomarkers for exposure and effects of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in naturally exposed European otters (Lutra lutra). Environ Toxicol Phar-macol 6 91—102. 

Traas, T.P., Luttik, R., Klepper, O., Beurskens, J.E., Smit, M.D., Leonards, P.E.G., Hattum, B. van and Aldenberg, T. (2001). Congener-specific model for polychlorinated biphenyl effects on otter Lutra lutra) and associated sediment... 

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