Lutetium abundance

There are fewer analyses of REE in alabandite, and these show less variability. Alabandite shows LREE-depleted patterns, with lanthanum abundances of — 0.1 X Cl and lutetium abundances of 10 X Cl (Wheelock et al, 1994). 

Lanthanides is the name given collectively to the fifteen elements, also called the elements, ranging from lanthanum. La, atomic number 57, to lutetium, Lu, atomic number 71. The rare earths comprise lanthanides, yttrium, Y, atomic number 39, and scandium. Sc, atomic number 21. The most abundant member of the rare earths is cerium, Ce, atomic number 58 (see Ceriumand cerium compounds). 

ISOTOPES There are a total of 59 isotopes of Lutetium. Only two of these are stable Lu-175, which makes up 97.41% of all the natural abundance found on Earth. The other is a long-lived radioisotope (Lu-176) with such a long half-life (4.00x10+ ° years) that it is considered stable Lu-176 contributes 2.59% to the natural abundance of lutetium. 

Lutetium is the 60th most abundant element on Earth, and it ranks 15th in the abundance of the rare-earths. It is one of the rarest of the lanthanide series. It is found in monazite sand (India, Australia, Brazil, South Africa, and Florida), which contains small amounts of all the rare-earths. Lutetium is found in the concentration of about 0.0001% in monazite. It is difficult to separate it from other rare-earths by the ion-exchange process. In the pure metallic form, lutetium is difficult to prepare, which makes is very expensive. 

Of the remaining elements such as holmium, erbium, thulium ytterbium and lutetium it is unfortunately true that their relatively low abundance coupled with high cost has tended to preclude their use in applications outside of the laboratory. 

Even more striking in the old tooth is the abundance of rare earths (dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium) and the elements tantalum, tungsten, gold, thorium, and uranium. Rare earth minerals are found in Scandinavia (in fact, many rare earth elements were discovered there), but what were they used for Did people prepare food with them Did they somehow get into the food chain ... 

Europium is a metallic element discovered in 1901 in Paris by the French scientist Eugene-Anatole Demarcay. It belongs to a series of elements called lanthanides, or 4f elements, extending from lanthanum (atomic number 57) to lutetium (atomic number 71). These elements have low abundances Europium occurrence in Earth s crust is only 2.1 ppm (parts per million), that is, 2.1 grams (0.07 ounces) per metric ton, and in seawater, its concentration is as low as 4 X 10 8 ppm. 

In general, Y and the heavier lanthanides, Gd to Lu, are less abundant than the lighter lanthanides. La to Eu. However, there are two further complicating factors one is that the elements with even atomic number are more abundant than those of odd atomic number, reflecting the greater stability of such nuclei. Secondly, some ores (e.g. bastnasite, monazite) are richer in the lighter metals while others (e.g. xenotime) have more of the heavier metals. The abundance of yttrium in the Earth s crust is 31 ppm while the total abundance of the lanthanides is some 180 ppm cerium is the most abundant (66 ppm), while thulium and lutetium are the rarest (0.5 and 0.8 ppm, respectively). 

Moreover, they are chemically similar. Both display very limited solubility in water, and differences in chemical behavior are mainly associated with atomic size. Lutetium and hafnium are also refractory elements during nebula condensation, and thus their relative abundance in the Earth are chondritic, however, at the time of writing the value of the bulk Earth Hf/ Hf ratio and the Lu decay constant are being debated (Table 1). Neodymium- and hafnium-isotope ratios in this paper will be expressed as parts per 10 deviations from the bulk Earth values, viz., as s d and sht- Eor example,... 

Lutetium-177 is increasingly being viewed as a potential radionuclide for use in in vivo therapy because of its favourable decay characteristics. Lutetium-177 decays with a half-life of 6.73 d by emission of beta particles with maximum energies of 497 keV (78.6%), 384 keV (9.1%) and 176 keV (12.2%) to stable Hf. The emission of gamma photons of 113 keV (6.4%) and 208 keV (11%) with relatively low abundances provides advantages that allow simultaneous... 

Lutetium-177 was produced by irradiation of lutetium samples in the core of PARR-1, a swimming pool type reactor, at a thermal neutron flux of 1 X 10 n-cm -s for specified periods of time ranging from 1 to 96 h. Naturally abundant LU2O3 and enriched UiiO were dissolved in IM HNO3, evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in O.IM HNO3, and again evaporated to dryness. The Lu(NO3)3 (2.59% Lu) powder and enriched Lu(NO3)3 (68.9% Lu) powder thus obtained were sealed in quartz ampoules and cold welded in aluminium containers for irradiation. In another experiment, quartz ampoules were filled with 0.2 mL of liquid Lu(NO3)3, sealed and cold welded in aluminium containers. These targets were then irradiated in PARR-1. The... 

The first series of inner transition elements is called the lanthanides because they follow element number 57, lanthanum. The lanthanides consist of the 14 elements from number 58 (cerium, Ce) to number 71 (lutetium, Lu). Because their natural abundance on Earth is less than 0.01 percent, the lanthanides are sometimes called the rare earth elements. AH of the lanthanides have similar properties. 

The final isolation from the "cerite tree" occurred in 1901 when Eugene-Anatole Demargay (1852-1904) reported the separation of europium (Eu). The final isolation from the "ytterbite tree" was reported in 1907 when lutetium (Lu) was separated from the more abundant ytterbium (Yb). The element was discovered by Georges Urbain (1872-1938), at the Sorbonne, and independently... 

As mentioned before, the rare earth elements are not rare either. Ore deposits of REE are quite restricted in numbers, but the abundance" of the elements is quite large. The most common rare earth element is cerium (Ce), which is, with a cmstal abundance of 60 ppm, the 27th element in the Earth s crust, and has a larger abundance than, for instance, lead (Pb), the 37th element, which has a crustal abundance of 10 ppm. One of the least common rare earth elements (lutetium, crustal abundance... 

It would be a preferable situation if the demand for elements that are very abundant would control the REE market. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The most wanted elements at this time are neod3unium and dysprosium (Binnemans et al. 2013). Cerium, praseodymium, and the heavy REEs holmium, gadohnium, thulium, ytterbium and lutetium are produced in excess, and are stockpiled. 

The rare earths are not really rare in nature. Cerium is reported to be more abundant in the earth s crust than lead and tin, and even the rarer elements, europium and lutetium are much more abundant than the platinum group elements. Except for scandium, these rare earths have never been found in nature as individual rare earths, but wherever they are found, they occur as mixtures of these elements in some combined form. The relative abundance of the individual rare earths can, however, vary considerably in these mixtures, depending on where they are found. In general, the even atomic numbered elements are from three to ten times as abundant as the odd numbered adjacent elements in the lanthanide series, and in the earth s crust, the light (lower atomic number) lanthanides are more abundant than the heavies. 

The beta decay scheme of rhenium-187 to osmium-187 maybe applied to the study of sulfide minerals of molybdenum and osmium-rich minerals such as iridosmine. Together with rubidium/strontium, samarium/neodymium, lutetium/hafnium, and uranium/lead methods, it has been used to examine mantle differentiation and the accretion of continental crust. In molybdenites, rhenium concentrations vary from a few ppm to as much as 1.88%. The element has two naturally occurring isotopes, and these are the stable rhenium-185 with a relative abundance of 37.398% and the radioactive rhenium-187 with a relative abundance of62.602%. This decays as follows ... 

They have very close chemical properties with scandium and yttrium and the whole series is often referred as rare earth elements, since lanthanides were historically isolated from uncommon oxide-type minerals. However this term is not totally adequate, the lanthanides are not to be considered as rare, because even a scarce 4f-element such as lutetium is more abundant than silver (see Geology, Geochemistry, and Natural Abundances of the Rare Earth Elements). 

The rare earth minerals are composed of scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides. The lanthanides comprise a group of 15 elements that include lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Cerium is the most abundant element in the rare earth group at 60 ppm, followed by yttrium at 33 ppm, lanthanum at 30 ppm, and neodymium at 28 ppm. Thulium and lutetium are the least abundant at 0.5 ppm. 

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