Phomopsis leptostromiformis

Phomopsin A (83 in Figure 18) was isolated from Phomopsis leptostromiformis as the hepatotoxic metabolite responsible for lupinosis, which is a disease in animals caused by ingestion of Lupinus species infected with the fungus.169 Penicillium species produce other significant mycotoxins such as penitrem A (84), PR toxin (85), and rubratoxin B (86).170 Fusarin C (87) and fusaproliferin (88) are known as mycotoxins produced by Fusarium... 

Many other examples of Az-peptides are listed in the literature and suggest that Az-amino acids are usually more stable than the E isomers [76]. However, some dehydropeptides like the neurotoxins roquefortine 11 and oxaline 12, isolated from Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium oxalicum, respectively, both contain a A His residue (Fig. 13.13) [77]. Phomopsin A 13 (Fig. 13.13), an antimitotic agent produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformis, is also a A -peptide as it contains A Asp and A Ile residues [78,79]. 

Phomopsis leptostromiformis occurs in nature as a parasite and saprophyte of certain lupin plants, which are in turn associated with the animal disease lupinosis, a hepatotoxic condition characterized by severe liver damage and jaundice. Field outbreaks of lupinosis have been reported in grazing sheep, cattle, horses and pigs in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa where lupins are cultivated extensively for livestock feeding. Phomopsin A (11) and several other related metabolites are produced by P. leptostromiformis, in cultures grown on lupin seeds, liquid media or maize kernels. ... 

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