Lunar module

Lunar module ascent engine 3500 Lunar module liftoff (moon)... 

Lunar module descent engine 1050-10,500 Lunar landing engine... 

From the standpoint of theoretical research, extensive studies have been reported. However, from the standpoint of applications, V-nitroso compounds are of limited interest. For example, the exhaust gases of the lunar module (LM) evidently contain nitroso derivatives of unsymmetrical dimethyl-hydrazine and hydrazine, as well as of methylamine [1],... 

In the Chapter 7 opener, you learned that a fuel mixture consisting of hydrazine, N2H4, and dinitrogen tetroxide, N204, was used to launch a lunar module. These two compounds react to form nitrogen gas and water vapour. If 50.0 g of hydrazine reacts with sufficient dinitrogen tetroxide, what mass of nitrogen gas is formed ... 

Bilateral symmetry has outstanding importance in man-made objects due to its functional role. The bilateral symmetry of various vehicles, for example, is determined by their translational motion. On the other hand, the cylindrical symmetry of the Lunar Module is consistent with its function of vertical motion with respect to the... 

Rho era/.27-291 have consistently claimed the absence of porphyrins in Apollo 11,12 and 14 fines at detection limits corresponding to approximately 0.005 parts per billion. Hodgson et al. 30,311 detected porphyrin-like pigments in Apollo 11 fines and one sample of Apollo 12 fines collected near the Lunar Module. It was concluded that these contaminants arose from the Lunar Module descent rocket exhaust, similar combustion products having been observed in dunnite exposed in the laboratoiy to the exhaust. No porphyrins were found by either... 

Bonded M0S2 film Mariner3,4 Nimbus 1 Mercury Apollo Solar panel actuator Panel hinge pins Heat shield mechanism Legs on Lunar Module... 

A vast amount of information has been published on the testing of molybdenum disulphide materials for space use. It seems probable that most if not all American satellites and spacecraft have contained some application of molybdenum disulphide, and a number of space applications are listed in Table 1.1. A notable early example was its use on the extendible legs of the Apollo Lunar Module in 1969. Application of molybdenum disulphide in more conventional bearing systems is described in Chapters 9 to 13, but the wide variety of lubricant uses is shown in Table 1.2 by a list of applications not described in more detail elsewhere in the book. 

Perhaps the most brilliant use of available resources was when the ground and flight crew of Apollo 13 devised a way to overcome severe electrical power and oxygen limitations to keep three astronauts alive and safely return them to earth. They did this by using the lunar module as a lifeboat in space, and rigged an adapter system using materials in the spacecraft. 

Elverum, G., Staudhammer, P., Miller, J., Hoffman, A., and Rockow, R., The Descent Engine for the Lunar Module, AIAA 67-521, AIAA 3rd Propulsion Joint Propulsion Specialist... 

Gilroy, R. and Sackheim, R., The Lunar Module Descent Engine - A Historical Perspective, AIAA 89-2385, 25th AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 1989. 

In spite of these obstacles, the first lunar module. Eagle, landed on the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969. The next day, astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped out of the spacecraft and onto the moon. The words he spoke are now famous "That s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind" (Figure 1-2). 

FIGURE 1 -2 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Apollo 11 mission commander of the Lunar Module Eagle, became the first human being to step on to the lunar surface, July 21,1969. 

The movie Apollo 13 (released in 1995) is based on the real story of the ill-fated Apollo 13 moon mission of 1970. The most dramatic scene in the movie Apollo 13 combines carbon dioxide, inorganic chemistry, and human ingenuity. The three astronauts nearly died due to toxic levels of the carbon dioxide that they exhaled into the confined space of their lunar module. 

To conserve energy, Ground Control ordered the three-man crew to shut down all electrical instruments, to move into the smaller Lunar Module, and to breathe as little as possible. Soon, however. Ground Gontrol realized that the CO2 scrubbers were also turned off and that GOg levels would build up unless something was done. During the process of respiration, COg and water are exhaled. 

The Apollo 13 mission used lithium hydroxide to remove the exhaled COg from their atmosphere. The lunar module was equipped with... 

When the engineers were designing Apollo 13, they had to estimate the amount of CO2 that each astronaut would exhale. Unlike the Lunar Module, the Command and Space Module had enough LiOH to scrub all of the CO2 exhaled by the three men. If each astronaut exhales 18.2 mol of CO2 every day and the mission is eight days, what mass of liOH would exactly meet the requirement ... 

A clue to this problem comes from experiences of space travel." When the first lunar modules landed, dust did leap onto the windows, making them opaque. Furthermore, the solar panels became obscured by detritus which stuck firmly to the surfaces. Also, the hinges on the spacecraft doors did tend to seize up. This proved the idea that clean surfaces in the vacuum of space wa-e much more adhering than the dirty, wet, oxygen-covered surfaces here on Earth. Thus we conclude that contamination of the surfaces is very important in reducing the atomic adhesion to low values, well below what we should expect from the first law of adhesion. 

Kelly, Thomas J. Moon Lander. How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module. Washington, D.G. Smithsonian Books, 2001. 

N2 + 2CO2 + 8H2O. For the phase of the mission when the lunar module ascended from the surface of the moon, a total of 1200. l N2H4 was available to react with 1000. kg (CH3)2N2H2 and 4500. kg N2O4. 

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