Lubrication applications, inorganic

Applications Over the last 20 years, ICP-AES has become a widely used elemental analysis tool in many laboratories, which is also used to identify/quantify emulsifiers, contaminants, catalyst residues and other inorganic additives. Although ICP-AES is an accepted method for elemental analysis of lubricating oils (ASTM D 4951), often, unreliable results with errors of up to 20% were observed. It was found that viscosity modifier (VM) polymers interfere with aerosol formation, a critical step in the ICP analysis, thus affecting the sample delivery to the plasma torch [193]. Modifications... 

Owing to its chemically highly aggressive nature, fluorine is difficult and hazardous to handle and it can be manufactured only via the electrolytic oxidation of fluoride. Fluorine gas has been produced commercially since 1946 and has found applications in many areas of fluorine chemistry (polymers, surfactants, lubricants, thermally stable liquids, blood replacement and pharmaceuticals, propellants, etc.). Inorganic fluorides such as Sp6 and UFe [21] have technical applications. Fluorous solvent systems [22] provide novel reaction environments fundamentally different from both aqueous and hydrocarbon media [23] and fluorine has been employed as a marker or spin label [24]. 

The above metals are used in many industrial processes. Cadmium, for instance, is plated onto fabricated metal parts to provide corrosion resistance, lubricity and other desirable properties it is used in rechargeable batteries, television and fluorescent light phosphors, inorganic coloring agents for paint, plastic and printing ink, and as a catalyst. Applications of the metals listed above are detailed in Table 2-1, categorized by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes. These industries are discussed further in Section 4.0. 

These are iron- and copper-based inorganic friction materials used for severe applications like tractor clutches, train, and aircraft brakes. Sintered metallic formulations contain lubricants like graphite, abrasives, and other property modifiers held together by metal binders like copper and iron. Sintered friction materials are normally fabricated as buttons that are riveted or fused to a carrier plate or cup. These friction materials are well suited for heavy-duty applications and find use in either dry or oil-immersed applications. 

On the other hand, if the lubricating oil has been subjected to excessive heat, it might be wise to consider application of the test method for determining the toluene-insoluble constituents of tar and pitch (ASTM D-4072, ASTM D-4312). In these methods, a sample is digested at 95°C (203°F) for 25 min and then extracted with hot toluene in an alundum thimble. The extraction time is 18 h (ASTM D-4072) or 3 h (ASTM D-4312). The insoluble matter is dried and weighed. Combustion will then show whether the material is truly carbonaceous or it is inorganic ash from the metallic constituents (ASTM D-482, ASTM D-2415, ASTM D-4628, ASTM D-4927, ASTM D-5185, ASTM D-6443, IP 4). 

Oboodi, R. and Riascik, J. (2005) Inorganic solid lubricant for high temperature foil bearing. US Ratent Application 2005/0163406. 

The salts of the inorganic esters of nonylphenol with phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid are frequently employed in a variety of applications. For example, the dilithio salt of nonylphenylphosphate has been employed as a component of lubricating greases (ref.42). 

Another 25% of the selenium production in 1996 was used in inorganic pigments (principally as cadmium sulfoselenide used in plastics, paints, enamels, inks, mbber, and ceramics), and 10-15% of selenium is used in a broad spectrum of applications including accelerators and vulcanizing agents in mbber production, in stainless steel, and as selenides of refractory metals for use in lubricants. Some of these products may end up as disposed waste. Medical and pharmaceutical uses such as in topical preparations for treatment of dandmff, for... 

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