Lowest amplitude

FIGURE 15.9 Expanded view. The data of Fig. 15.7 have been expanded by a factor of 1000 to highlight the lowest amplitude components. The dynamic range of the measurement exceeds... 

Amplitudes of the structure factors are sampled by D(u)sinx(u) when they are transferred to the image. The most significant effect of the lens to the amplitudes is caused by the sinx(u) part, which oscillates with u. Reflections in the resolution regions where sinx(u) 1 are maximally transferred by the lens, while those at resolutions where sinx(u) 0 are not transferred at all. This can be seen in the Fourier transform of HREM images from amorphous materials (Fig. 6), where the highest amplitudes (brightest areas) correspond to sinx(u) 1, while the lowest amplitudes (darkest areas) correspond to sinx(u) 0. If there is no astigmatism in the objective lens, a... 

Fig. 5. Spectra of manganeee oxides MnO spectrum has lowest amplitude, initial maximum at lowest energy and the most pronounced extended fine structure.

In most TCSPC modules, rate counters complement the CFDs in the photon pulse and reference charmels of TCSPC devices. The CFDs of the photon channel and the reference charmel are often different. The photon ehannel is designed for lowest amplitude-induced timing jitter and the reference ehannel for highest trigger rate. Some TCSPC devices do not use a CFD in the referenee charmel at all and rely instead on the stability of the reference pulses. 

Mandelshtam [27] has suggested a fast and very effective simplification. When all possible combinations of n signals in batches of k have been examined to search for the batch with the lowest sum, all these low-intensity items must necessarily be found in one particular batch, so the result is simply the sum of the k lowest-amplitude signals. The slow combinatorial calculation can therefore be replaced by a single, fast summation. AU n back-projected rays that intersect at a given pixel are examined, and the subset with the k lowest amplitudes is retained. As before, the adjustable parameter k serves to define the desired balance between sensitivity and artefact suppressicai. Clearly this is the most effective hybrid scheme discovered so far. 

Sensitivity—the lowest amplitude signal that the instrument will count (measured in fractions of a volt). 

Because of a linear relationship between plant water potential and the acidification rate (Szarek and Ting, 1974 see Fig.6.5), the highest amplitude of acid rhythm in 0. basilaris occurred when the plant p was high, and the lowest amplitudes could be observed when plant xp were low. Nevertheless, the nocturnal acidification persists throughout the year, even during the drought period when the stomata are sealed. 

Other characteristics of the center are described by the ratios of the wave amplitudes and frequencies at the center and other locations in the territory excited by the spiral wave. In most cases the chemical cycle at the center has the highest frequency and lowest amplitude (Figure 15). Frequency ratios n/n-l and nfn-2 have been observed, where n is the number of petals in a pattern. The amplitude ratio shows a branching behavior probably correlated with the Hopf bifurcation revealed by Barkley etal. [50]. Careful evaluation of the initial values derived from solutions for / < 1.75 and / > 1.75 allows the calculation of the solutions in the vicinity of the bifurcation point (Figure 16B). The gap around / = 1.75 results from the limitations in computing power, since the transient time of the system from the initial state to steady motion is extremely long in this region of / values [51]. 

This is visible in the behaviour of the impulse responses as well (fig, 7), There the amplitude of curve (1) (gWng, )) is the highest, of curve (2) ig(L,)) the lowest, but the maxima are not located at the same place. 

This formula, however, tacitly supposes that the instanton period depends monotonically on its amplitude so that the zero-amplitude vibrations in the upside-down barrier possess the smallest possible period 2nla>. This is obvious for sufficiently nonpathological one-dimensional potentials, but in two dimensions this is not necessarily the case. Benderskii et al. [1993] have found that there are certain cases of strongly bent two-dimensional PES when the instanton period has a minimum at a finite amplitude. Therefore, the cross-over temperature, formally defined as the lowest temperature at which the instanton still exists, turns out to be higher than that predicted by (4.7). At 7 > Tc the trivial solution Q= Q Q is the saddle-point coordinate) emerges instead of instanton, the action equals S = pV (where F " is the barrier height at the saddle point) and the Arrhenius dependence k oc exp( — F ") holds. 

Low-limit alert The first alert (i.e., low-limit alerta) should be set at the lowest vibration amplitude that will be encountered from a normally operating machine-train. This value is needed to ensure that valid data are taken with the microprocessor. If this minimum amplitude is not reached, the system alerts the operator, who can retake or verify the data point. Low-limit selection is arbitrary, but should be set slightly above the noise floor of the specific microprocessor used to acquire data. 

Firstly, we focus on cofacial dimers formed by stilbene molecules in such conformations, the amplitude of interchain interactions is expected to be maximized [57], Table 4-1 collects the INDO/SCl-calculated transition energies and intensities of the lowest two excited states of stilbene dimers for an interchain distance ranging from 30 to 3.5 A. 

Figure 4-8. 1NDO/SCI simulation of the wavcfunclion y/(x,xi, = 16, chain I) of the lowest charge transfer-excited stale in a cofacial dimer formed by two five-ring PPV oligomers separated by 4A. Ili/(x,x/, - 16, chain 1) represents the probability amplitude in finding an electron on a given site xt. assuming the hole is centered on site 16 of chain I. The site labeling is the same as that reported on top of Figure 4-7.

The relevant orbitals to consider are the molecular orbitals 5Aj and 6A, of cyclopropene (III.46) which correlate with the lowest acc orbital of cyclopropane (3A, III.56) and with one of the higher degenerate <7CC orbitals (3E, III.56). The cyclopropene orbitals are very similar to their cyclopropane counterparts. In particular the 6Aj orbital is a linear combination of all three crcc bond orbitals and extends over the entire cyclopropene molecule. Its amplitude, shown in Fig. 46, is fairly accurately represented by the... 

The propagator K can be interpreted as the Green s function for computing amplitudes for one-particle processes relative to the amplitude that the vacuum remain a vacuum under the influence of the external potential. To lowest order the amplitude that the vacuum remain a vacuum is given by... 

Lidocaine (Xylocaine), die representative class I-B drug, raises the threshold of the ventricular myocardium. Threshold is a term applied to any stimulus of the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response in a nerve fiber. A stimulus must be of a specific intensity (strength, amplitude) to pass along a given nerve fiber (Fig. 40-2). 

At sufficiently low strain, most polymer materials exhibit a linear viscoelastic response and, once the appropriate strain amplitude has been determined through a preliminary strain sweep test, valid frequency sweep tests can be performed. Filled mbber compounds however hardly exhibit a linear viscoelastic response when submitted to harmonic strains and the current practice consists in testing such materials at the lowest permitted strain for satisfactory reproducibility an approach that obviously provides apparent material properties, at best. From a fundamental point of view, for instance in terms of material sciences, such measurements have a limited meaning because theoretical relationships that relate material structure to properties have so far been established only in the linear viscoelastic domain. Nevertheless, experience proves that apparent test results can be well reproducible and related to a number of other viscoelastic effects, including certain processing phenomena. 

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