Low voltage operation

Composition, color and efficiency at low-voltage operation of selected FED phosphors [134],... 

From a materials perspective, the requirements vary by application, but in general, there is a trend towards low voltage operation and high carrier mobUity. These two typically require the use of very well-ordered organic semiconductors with low defect density. Use of binders within the semiconductor ink is also typically not possible due to the degrading impact of these on carrier transport properties. 

Because of the hardness of band-gap materials such as diamond, SiC, and boron nitride, wide band-gap materials have found applications in the tool and die industry.f ° lWide band-gap materials have been successfully used for coating field emission tips in SEM with results showing reduction in turn-on voltage by lOOV and more uniform emission during low-voltage operation.f ... 

Panzer, M., Newman, C., and Frisbie, C., Low-voltage operation of a pentacene field effect transistor with a polymer electrolyte gate dielectric, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 1035031-103503, 2005. 

Lee HC, et al. Piezoelectrically actuated RF MEMS DC contact switches with low voltage operation. IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Lett 2005. 

Yet another important advantage of low voltage operation is that specimen charging problems can be eliminated. This is due to the fact that as the beam energy decreases, the secondary electron emission, i.e. the number of SEs emitted per incident electron, increases, and in fact exceeds unity in the range from about l-3kV. 

Plasma/electroluminescent display Thermometry Higher resolution, lower power requirement, low voltage operation Noncontact temperature sensing based on the change in the excitation and emission spectra, decay Hfetime and intensity of luminescence with temperature. Unlike infiaied temperature sensors, the measurements are not influenced by the infrared absorption by glass, water, gas, biological cells, and other materials... 

As mentioned previously, one of the most important and exciting advantages of conjugated polymer microactuators is the possibility of integrating them into more complex microsystems, such as the cell-based sensors described above. The actuators add the powerful capability of mechanical manipulation of biology on the microscale. This is enabled by their low voltage operation and room temperature microfabrication, and the wide variety of actuator configurations that are possible. 

The excellent FE properties of CNTs, such as low-voltage operation, good stability, stable and high emission current, and large field enhancement factor, have opened new application fields in CNT-based devices. The use of CNTs as a source of electrons under an applied electric field is one of the most promising applications. As shown in Figure 8.5, it is easy to control the FE pattern of CNTs to... 

If single-phase motors are wound for multiple voltages, six or seven leads will be found in the junction box, as shown in Figure 21-12. With six leads and low-voltage operation, typically 125 V in the United States, three of the junction box leads are connected to each of the two line wires. With six leads and high-voltage operation, typically 230 V in the United States, three of the junction box leads are connected together and one or two of the other leads are connected to the two line wires. Details for the specific motor are often printed on the inside of the junction box lid. 

There are numerous variations on the basic device structure described above. One of the most fundamental is the case where isotropic threads or particles are dispersed in a liquid crystal layer, with the latter forming the continuous phase. Such an architecture can be obtained, for example, using different kinds of prepolymer in which the liquid crystal is dissolved, or by absorbing a liquid crystal onto a porous material. These devices operate in a substantially similar way to dispersed droplet cells, but there are important differences in their behaviour. In particular, there is a tendency for substantial hysteresis to arise in the switching characteristic. The devices can, however, give low-voltage operation when suitably constructed. 

One additional piezoelectric element is the bimorph stack used to drive the cantilever oscillation in dynamic AFM. The stack is made from blocks of piezoelectric ceramic sintered with a central electrode. A voltage on this central electrode puts fields of opposite sign on the two halves (if the outside is grounded). One half expands, the other contracts, so the bimorph bends. Stacking gives large displacements, which are desirable for low voltage operation. 

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