Low-intensity

The use of IP can enable the NR and neutron imaging in general with rather low intensity neutron beams which is Of importance both for neutron beam research as well as for extending NR for the in-the field use in the industry. With the existing reactor based neutron facilities the use of IP can drastically reduce the inspection time ... 

Figure B3.4.18. A schematic use of coherent control in AB A -i- B, A -i- B dissociation use of a single high-frequency photon (co) or tluee low-intensity (a)/3) photons would lead to emerging wavefimctions in both arrangements. However, by properly combining the amplitudes and phases of the single- and tluee-photon paths, the wavefimction would emerge in a single channel.

Pullerits T, Visscher K J, Hess S, Sundstrom V, Freiberg A, Timpmann K and Van Grondelle R 1994 Energy-transfer in the inhomogeneously broadened core antenna of purple bacteria-a simultaneous fit of low-intensity picosecond absorption and fluorescence kinetics Biophys. J. 66 236-48... 

Idistribution functions can be measured experimentally using X-ray diffraction. The regular arrangement of the atoms in a crystal gives the characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern with bright, sharp spots. For liquids, the diffraction pattern has regions of high and low intensity but no sharp spots. The X-ray diffraction pattern can be analysed to calculate an experimental distribution function, which can then be compared with that obtained from the simulation. 

Experimental values of AG ii2 for high values of v are not normally obtainable from infrared or Raman spectroscopy because of the low intensities of Av = 2, 3,... 

Raman scattering is normally of such very low intensity that gas phase Raman spectroscopy is one of the more difficult techniques. This is particularly the case for vibration-rotation Raman spectroscopy since scattering involving vibrational transitions is much weaker than that involving rotational transitions, which were described in Sections 5.3.3 and 5.3.5. For this reason we shall consider here only the more easily studied infrared vibration-rotation spectroscopy which must also be investigated in the gas phase (or in a supersonic jet, see Section 9.3.8). 

Low intensity magnetic separators are used to upgrade iron ores containing magnetite. Dry separators are used for coarse (up to 100 mm in size) ore and wet separators are used for fine (—9.5 mm) ores. 

Fig. 15. Wet drum low intensity magnetic separator tank designs (a) concurrent, (b) counter-rotation, and (c) countercurrent (6) (d) shows the operating...

Many other devices are available for laboratory use. These include the Davis tube, Frantz isodynamic separator, laboratory dmm-type separators, low intensity rotating field separator, and superconducting high gradient separator (2). 

In practice, o2one concentrations obtained by commercial uv devices ate low. This is because the low intensity, low pressure mercury lamps employed produce not only the 185-nm radiation responsible for o2one formation, but also the 254-nm radiation that destroys o2one, resulting in a quantum yield of - 0.5 compared to the theoretical yield of 2.0. Furthermore, the low efficiency (- 1%) of these lamps results in a low o2one production rate of 2 g/kWh (100). 

Ultraviolet. Benzene has a series of relatively low intensity absorption bands in the region of 230 to 270 nm. When there is a substituent on the ring with nonbonding electrons, such as an amino group, there is a pronounced increase in the intensity of these bands and a shift to longer wavelength. Aniline shows an absorption band at 230 nm (e = 8600) and a secondary band at 280 nm (e = 1430). Protonation of the amino groups reduces these effects and the spectmm resembles that of the unsubstituted benzene. 

Phenyl-2-propenoic acid [621 -82-9] commonly referred to as cinnamic acid, is a white crystalline soHd having a low intensity sweet, honeylike aroma. It has been identified as a principal constituent in the botanical exudates from Styrax IJquidamber orientalis) Benzoin Styrax ben in Pern Balsam [Myroxylon pereirae and Tolu Balsam (]Ayro>ylon balsamum) (4,5). In these, as well as numerous other natural products, it exists both as the free acid and in the form of one or more of its esters, as for example, methyl cinnamate, ben2yl cinnamate [103 1 -3] and cinnamyl cinnamate. 

The UV spectrum of quinazoline is less simple bands at 220, 267 and 311 all represent -rr - -rr transitions and a characteristic inflexion of low intensity at 330 nm represents the TT transition (63PMH(2)l). Quinazoline as cation (17) is 3,4-hydrated covalently, so... 

High-speed, low-intensity drum magnetic separator. This device is designed to handle very fine material (minus 0.15 mm and finer) to produce a high-grade magnetic concentrate. 

Fig. 3.9. Video images, ion-induced secondary of a defect in car paint white signal corresponds electron images, and mass-resolved ion images to high intensities, black to low intensities [3.19].

With useful yields typically in the 10 range - a value also valid for e-beam SNMS -typical measured intensities are in the lO -lO range for HF-plasma SNMS, depending on the material and Udbm- With a typical plasma and low Udbm near -300 V one effects ultimate depth resolution and low intensities, whereas Udbm 800 V enables bulk analysis in the ppm range (apart from C, N, and O being implanted from contamination) but no longer with good depth resolution. 

---