Loop, defined

Fig. 2. A representative M-H loop, defining the parameters important for magnetic recording.

With reference to Fig. 7, Epp and Fowler (E2) gave the following description of their loop defining algorithm ... 

Fig. 12.4. The human TS dimer. Residues reported by others to be associated with drug resistance include Y33, F225, HOB (not depicted), P303, K47, D49 (not depicted), and G52 [57, 60 - 64, 82]. We have found several drug-resistant TS mutants through mutation ofboththeArg50-loop (defined by residues 47 - 52, shown), and a loop near the catalytic Cl 95 encompassing A197-V204) [62, 64, 82]. Residues 198, 199, and 204, contained within this randomization scheme and located on the dimer interface, are shown for reference.

Conotoxin frameworks VI and VII have a C-C-CC-CC arrangement of Cys residues with a sequential disulfide pairing, which is also found in spider toxins and in the venom of scorpions. These particular frameworks form stable cystine knots with variable loop lengths. The sequence of amino acids within the loops defines the targeting and pharmacology of a particular framework VI/VII conotoxin. 

R. Jones and D.J. Patel, A double chain reversal loop and two diagonal loops define the architecture of a unimolecular DNA quadruplex containing a pair of stacked G syn).G syn).G anti).G anti) tetrads flanked by a... 

The fourth closed loop defines the relationship between the number of pallets with car doors in different subassembly states and the number of pallets of cars with disassembled doors using an external variable (x), according to (30.4). This variable represents the four-door car ratio between the door disassembly stations, located at M2 and the door assembly stations, located at M4. This variable can have values between 0 and 1. 

As an example, one may consider an isodensity contour Gi = Gi(<2i) and a MEP contour Gz = G2(contour threshold values are a and az, respectively. Whether an interpenetration occurs at all depends on the choice of the threshold values ai and az-If interpenetration occurs, then it defines one or several closed loops on both surfaces. The points along these loops belong to both contour surfaces. Hence on each surface the loops define the boundaries of subsets characterized by the function value of the other physical property the value of the property is either greater than the threshold for all points within a subset, or it is lower than the threshold for all points in the subset. In fact, the interpenetration pattern can be generated simultaneously for a series of threshold values. For example, by considering k different MEP threshold values, az, az, <22, . .. the pattern of interpenetration may be used to generate ranges of the electrostatic potential... 

One Fortran subtlety deserves elaboration. The 200 do-loop defines two separate difference equations for the flows left and right of the front, but the pressure updating in the 260 do-loop refers to a single pressure. So long as the front does not move more than one mesh in a time step, errors due to copying liquid pressure as gas pressure, or conversely, do not exist, assuming small capillary pressures. Pressure continuity assures that both blocks will contain identical pressures. 

There are several possible ways of defining and counting unentangled loops. The one we choose in this paper is similar to the B- and C-loops defined and used in references 18 and 20. 

If fee loading process shown in Fig. 1.28 is reversed again from to then a hysteresis loop will result such as feat shown in Fig. 1.29. The hysteresis loop defines a single fatigue cycle in fee strain-life method. After a number of cycles the hysteresis loop stabilizes. The stability occurs normally in less than 10% of the total life. Tlie hysteresis loop is often characterized by its stress range. Act, and strain range, Ae. The strain range may be split into an elastic part, Ae, and a plastic part, Ae. 

Once the initial network structure has been defined, then loops, utility paths, and stream splits offer the degrees of freedom for manipulating network cost in multivariable optimization. During the optimization, there is no constraint that temperature differences should be larger than or that there should not be heat transfer... 

There are two independent coordinates that define the plane of a loop. If the loop is phase inverting, one of these coordinates must be phase inverting, the other, phase preserving. Out of the infinite number of possible candidates, a convenient choice are reaction coordinates (Section I). Any one of the three reaction coordinates connecting two of the anchors can be used for the... 

The two coordinates that define the plane in which the loop located were discussed in Section n. In loops that encircle a conical intersection, there is always at least one phase-inverting reaction—we can choose its coordinate as the phase-inverting one. Let us assume that this is the reaction connecting A and... 

Although this reaction appears to involve only two electrons, it was shown by Mulder [57] that in fact two jc and two ct elections are required to account for this system. The three possible spin pairings become clear when it is realized that a pair of carbene radicals are formally involved. Figure 14. In practice, the conical intersection defined by the loop in Figme 14 is high-lying, so that often other conical intersections are more important in ethylene photochemistry. Flydrogen-atom shift products are observed [58]. This topic is further detailed in Section VI. 

Figure 23. A Loiigiiet-Higgms loop around the Jahn-Teller degeneracy of CPDR at D h symmetry, preserve and Qinv n aje the phase-inverting and phase-preserving coordinates that define the loop.

G is a multiplier which is zero at locations where slip condition does not apply and is a sufficiently large number at the nodes where slip may occur. It is important to note that, when the shear stress at a wall exceeds the threshold of slip and the fluid slides over the solid surface, this may reduce the shearing to below the critical value resulting in a renewed stick. Therefore imposition of wall slip introduces a form of non-linearity into the flow model which should be handled via an iterative loop. The slip coefficient (i.e. /I in the Navier s slip condition given as Equation (3.59) is defined as... 

Examples are provided by the work of Carman and Raal with CF2CI2 on silica powder, of Zwietering" with nitrogen on silica spherules and of Kiselev" with hexane on carbon black and more recently of Gregg and Langford with nitrogen on alumina spherules compacted at a series of pressures. In all cases, a well defined Type II isotherm obtained with the loose powder became an equally well defined Type IV isotherm with the compact moreover both branches of the hysteresis loop were situated (drove the isotherm for the uncompacted powder, but the pre-hysteresis region was scarcely affected (cf. Fig. 3.4). The results of all these and similar... 

Striking confirmation of the conclusion that the BET area derived from a Type IV isotherm is indeed equal to the specific surface is afforded by a recent study of a mesoporous silica, Gasil I, undertaken by Havard and Wilson. This material, having been extensively characterized, had already been adopted as a standard adsorbent for surface area determination (cf. Section 2.12). The nitrogen isotherm was of Type IV with a well defined hysteresis loop, which closed at a point below saturation (cf. F, in Fig. 3.1). The BET area calculated from it was 290 5 0 9 m g , in excellent agreement with the value 291 m g obtained from the slope of the initial region of the plot (based on silica TK800 as reference cf. p. 93). 

Experimental findings in the intervening years have tended to support and extend this concept. The results obtained by Ramsay and Avery in their studies of the effect of compaction on the nitrogen isotherms of two finely divided powders, one of zirconia and the other of silica, are especially instructive in the present context. As in earlier studies (cf. Chapter 3) the isotherm on the original powder was of Type II, but on compaction it first became Type IV with a well defined hysteresis loop, which moved... 

Type V isotherms of water on carbon display a considerable variety of detail, as may be gathered from the representative examples collected in Fig. 5.14. Hysteresis is invariably present, but in some cases there are well defined loops (Fig. 5.14(b). (t ), (capillary-condensed water. Extreme low-pressure hysteresis, as in Fig. 5.14(c) is very probably due to penetration effects of the kind discussed in Chapter 4. 

As pointed out earlier (Section 3.5), certain shapes of hysteresis loops are associated with specific pore structures. Thus, type HI loops are often obtained with agglomerates or compacts of spheroidal particles of fairly uniform size and array. Some corpuscular systems (e.g. certain silica gels) tend to give H2 loops, but in these cases the distribution of pore size and shape is not well defined. Types H3 and H4 have been obtained with adsorbents having slit-shaped pores or plate-like particles (in the case of H3). The Type I isotherm character associated with H4 is, of course, indicative of microporosity. 

The "feedback loop in the analytical approach is maintained by a quality assurance program (Figure 15.1), whose objective is to control systematic and random sources of error.The underlying assumption of a quality assurance program is that results obtained when an analytical system is in statistical control are free of bias and are characterized by well-defined confidence intervals. When used properly, a quality assurance program identifies the practices necessary to bring a system into statistical control, allows us to determine if the system remains in statistical control, and suggests a course of corrective action when the system has fallen out of statistical control. 

The slope of the hysteresis loop in is also an important parameter. From this slope, the parameter S can be derived (17). In Figure 3 a part of the hysteresis loop (M as a function of the appHed field H) is given. The point at which M is constant as the function of the appHed field is defined as saturation magnetisation (M.). From the slope at can be written tan0 = = 1/ 1 — S ) ot dM/dH = — S ). Thus the S is defined in... 

Fig. 1. Magaetic hysteresis loop of an initially demagnetized material (curve 1) where poiat A corresponds to (BH), and the slopes of lines B and C, with tangents to curves 1 and 2, represent = B /H and respectively. Terms are defined ia the text.

Phosphorus(III) Oxide. Phosphoms(III) oxide [12440-00-5] the anhydride of phosphonic acid, is formed along with by-products such as phosphoms pentoxide and red phosphoms when phosphoms is burned with less than stoichiometric amounts of oxygen (62). Phosphoms(III) oxide is a poisonous, white, wax-like, crystalline material, which has a melting point of 23.8°C and a boiling point of 175.3°C. When added to hot water, phosphoms(III) oxide reacts violentiy and forms phosphine, phosphoric acid, and red phosphoms. Even in cold water, disproportionation maybe observed if the oxide is not well agitated, resulting in the formation of phosphoric acid and yellow or orange poorly defined polymeric lower oxides of phosphoms (LOOP). 

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