Spider toxins

Na+ K+ Ga + TTX, DDT, veratridine, scorpion toxins, procaine, Hdocaine quinidine, tolbutamide, diazoxide, glyburide, minoxidil nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, moUusc and spider toxins ... 

Turning now to chemical attack, many predators immobilize their prey by injecting toxins, often neurotoxins, into them. Examples include venomous snakes, spiders, and scorpions. Some spider toxins (Quick and Usherwood 1990 Figure 1.3) are neurotoxic through antagonistic action upon glutamate receptors. The venom of some scorpions contains polypeptide neurotoxins that bind to the sodium channel. 

Structures of spider toxins that antagonise insect muscle glutamate receptors (and glutamate receptors of other animals)... 

QuickC, D.L.J. and Usherwood, P.N.R. (1990). Spider toxins as lead structures for novel pesticides In E. Hodgson and R.J. Kuhr (Eds.) Safer Insecticides Development and Use, 385 52. New York Marcel Dekker. 

DHPs, dihydropyridines (eg, nifedipine) sFTX, synthetic funnel web spider toxin m-CTX, conotoxins extracted from several marine snails of the genus Conus -aga-IIIA and co-aga-IVA, toxins of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta SNX-482, a toxin of the African tarantula, Hysterocrates gigas. 

Schulz, S. (1997a). The chemistry of spider toxins and spider silk. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English 36 314-326. 

Usherwood, P.N. R. and Blagbrough, I. S. (1991). Spider toxins affecting glutamate receptors polyamines in therapeutical neurochemistry. Pharmacological Therapeutics 52 245-268. 

McDonough SI, Boland LM, Mintz IM, Bean BP (2002) Interactions among toxins that inhibit N-type and P-type calcium channels. J Gen Physiol 119 313-28 McDonough SI, Mintz IM, Bean BP (1997) Alteration of P-type calcium channel gating by the spider toxin omega-Aga-IVA. Biophys J 72 2117-28 McRory JE, Santi CM, Hamming KS, Mezeyova J, Sutton KG, Baillie. DL, Stea A, Snutch TP (2001) Molecular and functional characterization of a family of rat brain T-type calcium channels. J Biol Chem 276 3999 011... 

Mintz IM (1994) Block of Ca channels in rat central neurons by the spider toxin omega-Aga-IIIA. J Neurosci 14 2844-53... 

Spider toxin that affects the activation of mammalian Na+ channels... 

The Nayl a-subunit is a large protein, and several receptor sites for natural product neurotoxins have been identified by photoaffinity labeling and site-directed mutagenesis [79]. The small hydrophilic guanidines TTX and STX and the p,-conotoxin peptides bind at the extracellular mouth of the conduction pathway and are thought to physically occlude the pore. Binding of these toxins shows little state- or use-dependence. A number of a scorpion, sea anemone, and spider toxins also bind to an extracellular site, but act as... 

The compound made by this reaction has almost, but not exactly, the spider toxin structure. The extra groups in brown are protecting groups, and prevent unwanted side-reactions at the other amine and phenol functional groups. We will discuss protecting groups in detail in Chapters 24 and 25. 

F. Maggio B. L. Sollod H. W. Tedford G. F. King, Spider Toxins and their Potential for Insect Control. In Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science L. I. Gilbert, K. latrou, S. S. Gill, Eds. Elsevier Oxford, 2005 Vol. 5, pp 221-238. 

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