Longest

The step with the longest time limits the cycle time. Alternatively, if more than one step is carried out in the same equipment, the cycle time is limited by the longest series of steps in the same equipment. The batch cycle time must be at least as long as the longest step. The rest of the equipment other than the limiting step is then idle for some fraction of the batch cycle. 

Additives that affect the cloud point are no longer in frequent use however, it has been shown that certain polymers having branched paraffins can recognize paraffins of equivalent size and keep them in solution. It is therefore possible to complex the longest paraffins selectively and to decrease the cloud point by 3 to 4°C (Damin et al., 1986). 

During this final (and usually longest) period all producers will exhibit declining production. 

A technique widely used by the industry is Critical Path Analysis (CPA or Network Analysis ) which is a method for systematically analysing the schedule of large projects, so that activities within a project can be phased logically, and dependencies identified. All activities are given a duration and the longest route through the network is known as the critical path. 

These numbers indicate that it is very unlikely for the system to stay in C and D for more than 100 seconds, whereas for an oscillation A (-> D ot B C this may well be the case. In particular, these results are in nice agreement with Fig. 5 (right) there we observe an oscillation <-> > for about 200 seconds, whereas the longest stay in the neighborhood of the minimum C only lasts about 60 seconds. 

An upper limit of 4 fs on the longest time step is also the experience of other researchers. For example. Fig. 2 in [10] shows that energy conservation is good for long time steps in the range 0.5 to 4 fs but dramatically worsens... 

Figure2-95. The principle of longest pathways for acyclic fragments and molecules.

For acyclic fragments and molecules, the principle of longest pathways has been implemented in CORINA (sec Figure 2-95) i.e., since no ch configuration is specified, all torsions arc set to anti in order to minimize steric interactions. 

Thus, the conversion of chemical names into structures consists of parsing the name into longest text fragments. These fragments are submitted to lexical analysis and the derived lexical units are compared with a collection of predefined units in a dictionary. 

Division of matrices is not defined, but the equivalent operation of multiplieation by an inverse matrix (if it exists) is defined. If a matr ix A is multiplied by its own inverse matrix, A , the unit matrix I is obtained. The unit matrix has Is on its prineipal diagonal (the longest diagonal from upper left to lower right) and Os elsewhere for example, a 3 x 3 unit matrix is... 

It is one of four metals — mercury, cesium, and rubidium — which can be liquid near room temperature and, thus, can be used in high-temperature thermometers. It has one of the longest liquid ranges of any metal and has a low vapor pressure even at high temperatures. 

Searches for the element on earth have been fruitless, and it now appears that promethium is completely missing from the earth s crust. Promethium, however, has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR465 in Andromeda. This element is being formed recently near the star s surface, for no known isotope of promethium has a half-life longer than 17.7 years. Seventeen isotopes of promethium, with atomic masses from 134 to 155 are now known. Promethium-147, with a half-life of 2.6 years, is the most generally useful. Promethium-145 is the longest lived, and has a specific activity of 940 Ci/g. 

Fourteen isotopes of einsteinium are now recognized. 254Es has the longest half-life (275 days). 

Sixteen isotopes of fermium are known to exist. 257Fm, with a half-life of about 100.5 days, is the longest lived. 250Fm, with a half-life of 30 minutes, has been shown to be a decay product of element 254-102. Chemical identification of 250Fm confirmed the production of element 102 (nobelium). 

The synthesis of MMDA in Pihkal is one of the longest and most tedious in the book. If one is going the route via myristicin, the Sisifos work of isolating the tiny amount of essential oil present in nutmeg, followed by fractional distillation to purify the myristicin fraction is also added to the labor of the poor chemist. Therefore I propose a new route to this "essential amphetamine". 

Heterocyde syntheses are often possible from difunctional open-chain precursors, including olefins as 1,2-difunctional reagents, and an appropiate nucleophile or electrophile containing one or more hetero atoms. The choice of the open-chain precursor is usually dictated by the longest carbon chain within the heterocyde to be synthesized. 

The longest carbon chain within a heterocycle indicates possible open-chain precursors. We use this chain as a basis to classify heterocycles as 1,2- to 1,6-difunctional systems. 

The acid treatment in each detritylation step may remove purines from deoxyriboses. Purine residues near the 3 -end will suffer the longest cumulative times of exposure to acid and therefore have the greatest chance for depurination . Thus each acid treatment should be as brief as possible. 

Pick out the longest continuous carbon chain and find the lUPAC name m Table 2 2 that corresponds to the unbranched alkane having that number of carbons This is the parent alkane from which the lUPAC name is to be derived... 

In this case the longest continuous chain has five carbon atoms the compound is named as a derivative of pentane The key word here is continuous It does not matter whether the carbon skeleton is drawn m an extended straight chain form or m one with many bends and turns All that matters is the number of carbons linked together m an uninterrupted sequence... 

Number the longest continuous chain m the direction that gives the lowest number to the substituent group at the first point of branching The numbering scheme... 

Both schemes count five carbon atoms m their longest continuous chain and bear a methyl group as a substituent at the second carbon An alternative numbering sequence that begins at the other end of the chain is incorrect... 

Branched alkyl groups are named by using the longest continuous chain that begins at the point of attachment as the base name Thus the systematic names of the two C3H7 alkyl groups are propyl and 1 methylethyl Both are better known by their common names n propyl and isopropyl respectively... 

As numbered on the structural formula the longest continuous chain contains eight car bons and so the compound is named as a derivative of octane Numbering begins at the end nearest the branch and so the ethyl substituent is located at C 4 and the name of the alkane is 4 ethyloctane... 

Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms and assign a basis name to the compound corresponding to the lUPAC name of the unbranched alkane having the same number of carbons... 

List the substituents attached to the longest con tinuous chain in alphabetical order Use the pre fixes di- tri- tetra- and so on when the same substituent appears more than once Ignore these prefixes when alphabetizing... 

The longest continuous chain in the alkane shown is SIX carbons... 

Number the carbon atoms beginning at the point of attachment proceeding in the direction that follows the longest continuous chain... 

The longest continuous chain that begins at the point of attachment in the group shown contains six carbons... 

The lUPAC rules permit alkyl halides to be named m two different ways called func twnal class nomenclature and substitutive nomenclature In functional class nomencla ture the alkyl group and the halide (fluoride chloride bromide or iodide) are desig nated as separate words The alkyl group is named on the basis of its longest continuous chain beginning at the carbon to which the halogen is attached... 

The substitutive names of alcohols are derived by replacing the e end mg of an alkane with ol The longest chain containing the OH group becomes the basis for the name Functional class names of alcohols begin with the name of the alkyl group and end m the word alcohol... 

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