Long term economic development

Temporal Restrictions. The focus is on the continuity phases in long term economic development. In the phase transition model of Kondratieff, Kuznets and Schumpeter these are the periods of recovery, boom and recession which lie inbetween major discontinuities such as depressions and clusters of basic innovations which tend to occur during depressions [5.14]. 

Green chemistry is increasingly seen as a powerful tool that researchers must use to evaluate the environmental impact of nanotechnology. As nanomaterials are developed, the environmental and human health impacts of both the products themselves and the processes to make them must be considered to ensure their long-term economic viability. 

In Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, the First International Conference on the Human Environment focused the attention of the world on the transnational issues associated with pollution. Twenty years later, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Earth Summit, occurred in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This summit featured 178 countries discussing global problems such as poverty, war, and sustainable development. Eor the first time, the protection of the welfare of the planet was seen as the key driver to promote long-term economic and social progress. This was the Earth Summit s most important achievement. Some notable results of the UNCED included ... 

Chen [133] highlights the long-term growth of the technically popular use of bubble cap trays, valve and sieve trays, followed by the increased popularity of packed columns accompanied by the development of random and structured packings. There are some applications in chemical/ petrochemical/petroleum/gas treating processes where one type of contacting device performs better and is more economical than others. Chen [133] points out ... 

A catalytic oxidation system may cost 150 per car, but the catalyst cost is estimated to be 30, less than 1% of the cost of an automobile (2). In a few years, the gross sale of automotive catalysts in dollars may exceed the combined sale of catalysts to the chemical and petroleum industries (3). On the other hand, if the emission laws are relaxed or if the automotive engineers succeed in developing a more economical and reliable non-catalytic solution to emission control, automotive catalysis may turn out to be a short boom. Automotive catalysis is still in its infancy, with tremendous potential for improvement. The innovations of catalytic scientists and engineers in the future will determine whether catalysis is the long term solution to automotive emissions. 

Lever Brothers, since it had to decide how to obtain the sodium citrate, had another host of alternatives to consider. It could produce or buy the product. If it chose to produce the builder, it could purchase the process from another firm or it could develop its own process. It could make the product from basic raw materials or from intermediate compounds. If it decided to let some other firm be the producer, it could buy the material on the open market or enter into a long-term agreement with another company. It might even do both by forming a joint company, such as Dow Coming, that would manufacture the builder. It could even buy a company that was currently producing it. All these possibilities must be economically evaluated to determine the best course of action to take. 

The external costs of using the flame retardants are caused by long-term adverse impacts in the aquatic environment (reduction in fish production capacity) and severe nuisance in humans (7) and potentially disturbance in human development (Z). There are as of yet no economic values derived for the latter two but we express the values as Y and U. For reduction in fish production capacity the value from the literature is 1 per kilogram fish [37, 38]. And in our example, we assume that the production capacity is reduced by some 10 tonnes of fish. 

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