Logistics Subject

Two different and possibly complementary approaches have been explored. One utilizes a panel of quantifiable internal reference standards (QIRS), which are common proteins present widely in tissues in relatively consistent amounts.11,22 In this instance because the reference proteins are intrinsic to the tissue they are necessarily subjected to identical fixation and processing, and incur no additional handling or cost, other than synchronous performance of a second IHC assay (stain), such that the intensity of reaction for the QIRS and the test analyte can be compared by IA, allowing calculation of the amount of test analyte (protein) present on a formulaic standard curve basis. The other approach seeks to identify external reference materials and to introduce these into each step of tissue preparation for cases where IHC studies are anticipated in this instance the logistical issues of production, distribution, and inclusion of the reference standard into all phases of tissue processing also must be considered, along with attendant costs. 

The supply side of the value chain has been subject to research since the middle of the 20th century. The research field can be structured into logistics management, production management, procurement and sourcing, as well as supply chain management. 

The data can then be downloaded directly into the clinical trial database. The main drawbacks include the need for training the subject in the diary s use, possible errors in local time settings and the logistics of distribution, maintenance and recovery of the diaries. 

Subjecting all chemicals to all possible tests is logistically impossible, and the future of toxicity testing must lie in the development of techniques that will narrow the testing process so that highly toxic and relatively nontoxic compounds can be identified early and either banned or permitted unrestricted use without undue waste of time, funds, and human resources. These vital commodities could then be concentrated on compounds whose fate and effects are less predictable. 

It is however visible that most of these constraints are not natural or naturally fixed , but can be removed by training, research and development measures specifically targeting organic exporters. A few exemptions are transportation infrastructures and long distances to markets, which cannot be shortened - except if new markets open up, like the Middle East for Africa, or growing domestic or intra-African markets, as well as local or export infrastructure and logistics (e.g. airfreights), which are subject to a more complex overall economic system. 

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