Locomotive pattern

Giojalas, L.C., Eisenbach, M., Eabro, G., Frenkel, A., Civalero, S., H., B., Caplan, S.R. and Rovasio, R.A. (2002). Directionality-based assay for sperm chemotaxis, independent of chemokinesis and the locomotion pattern. Submitted. 

MDMA and MDE also produced locomotor patterns that differed significantly from other stimulants. Previous studies in rats have demonstrated that amphetamine-induced hyperactivity involves complex patterns of widely distributed locomotion with frequent directional changes (Geyer et al. 1986 Geyer et al. 1987). In contrast, similar levels of behavioral activation produced by scopolamine or apomorphine are associated with relatively smooth locomotor paths, in which the same movement patterns are frequently repeated. Other stimulants, such as caffeine or nicotine, increase the amount of locomotor activity without significantly altering its pattern (Geyer... 

All the above remarks about behaviour apply to distribution. Locomotion whilst on the winter ground, run of the migrating stock, spawning dispersion, gathering into the feeding or migrating shoal - each of these characteristics of distribution is closely associated with the metabolic pattern of the population. 

Jouvet s most radical and definitive experiments supported this idea. When he isolated the brain stem below the level of the junction of the two areas of the brain known as the pons and the midbrain and, even when he removed all of the brain above this level, he could still observe the periodic suppression of muscle tone, and occasional eye and body movements, including the rhythmic stepping that would be used in real locomotion by a normal cat during waking. In other words, one of the key formal features of human dreaming, the sense of continuous motion, may arise at the very low level of parts of the brain stem that generate motor patterns. In any case, such generators are present in the brain stem and are activated in REM. 

Hagmar, B. and Ryd, W. (1977). Tumor cell locomotion A factor in metastasis formation Influence of cytochalasin B on a tumor dissemination pattern. Int. J. Cancer 19, 576-580. 

Because of its size and availability, Ascaris smm has been the parasitic nematode of choice for neuromuscular analysis. The Ascaris nervous system contains approximately 90 motoneurons and interneurons (42). If both the head and tail of the worm are removed, these 90 motoneurons and interneurons are sufficient to control locomotion. Ascaris moves by propagating a wave of motion along its body axis anteriorly or posteriorly (42). The muscle cells that are innervated are arranged in two longitudinal masses, the dorsal and the ventral. They are independently innervated by neurons from the dorsal or ventral nerve cord (42). This distinctive pattern of nerve-muscle interaction ensures that the propagated wave moves through the axis of the worm in the dorsal-ventral plane. 

Grillner, S. P. Wallen. 1985. Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Anna. Rev. Neurosci. 8 233-61. 

The main challenge here is to search the Phenotype Summary field for results having to do with locomotion. This is a fuzzy sort of problem, best solved using Perl s pattern-matching facility. After scanning throngh the results for a while, we decide to search for any of the following keywords nncoordinated, paralysis, paralyzed, coils, coder, movement, kinky, and jerky. 

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