Local modes equations

There are essentially two methods for deriving the equations satisfied by the bj(z). The more physical approach is to divide the fiber into a series of differential sections, one of which is shown in Fig. 31-2, and then consider the change in each modal amplitude across each section [1]. Details are given in Section 31-16. Alternatively, we substitute Eq. (28-1) into Maxwell s equations and use the orthogonality conditions for local modes to derive the set of coupled local-mode equations [2,3], This approach is presented in Section 31-14, and leads to Eq. (31-65)... 

In Section 27-1 we showed that in applying the coupled mode equations there is an intrinsic restriction to weakly guiding waveguides. This restriction does not occur in the application of the coupled local-mode equations. A general solution of the coupled local-mode equations is derived for weak power transfer in the following section, and the radiation modes are discussed later in the chapter. 

The coupled local-mode equations can be solved approximately when only a small fraction of the total power of the perturbed waveguide is transferred between modes. We show that the first-order solution is identical to the induced-current solution of Chapter 22. For convenience we assume that only the Ith forward-propagating local mode is excited at z = 0. To lowest order we ignore coupling to all other modes. The solution of Eq. (28-2) is then... 

If we substitute the coupling coefficient of Eq. (28-4) into Eq. (28-8a) and assume bi(0) = 1, the resulting expression for b j is identical with that of Eq. (22-35). The latter was derived using induced currents to represent the slight mismatch between the local-mode fields and the exact fields of the waveguide. Thus we deduce the equivalence of the first iteration of the coupled local-mode equation and the induced-current representation. 

An important application of the solution of the coupled local-mode equations for weak power transfer determines how slowly a waveguide must vary along its length in order that an individual local mode can propagate with negligible variation in its power. If we assume the /th local mode alone is initially excited with unit power, i.e. h((0) = 1, then the fraction of power excited in the jth... 

When this condition is satisfied, we can neglect coupling between the local modes and the radiation field, and the coupled local-mode equations of Eq. (28-2a) reduce to [S]... 

The coupled local-mode equations discussed in Section 28-1 implicitly include coupling to the radiation field. In keeping with the concept of local modes. 

The inclusion of the local radiation modes in Eq. (28-1) follows by analogy with the coupled mode equations derived in Section 31-11. For example, the amplitude and phase dependence bj (z, Q) of the j th forward-propagating local radiation mode satisfies the coupled local-mode equation... 

The coupled local-mode equations of Section 31-14 apply to local modes of the same fiber, and are therefore inappropriate for describing coupling between modes of the two fibers, for reasons given in Section 29-2. Instead we can generalize the derivation of the coupled equations of Eq. (29-4) to slowly varying fibers, and deduce that [8]... 

Fields of z-dependent waveguides 31-14 Coupled local-mode equations 31-15 Alternative form of the coupling coeflScients 31-16 Physical derivation of the coupled equations... 

Relationship with the coupled local-mode equations for arbitrary waveguides... 

We derived the set of coupled local-mode equations for arbitrary waveguides in Section 31-14. In the weak-guidance approximation, the modal fields in the coupling coefficients of Eq. (31-65c) have only transverse components. If we use Table 13-1, page 288, to relate these components to the corresponding normalized solutions of the scalar wave equation of Eq. (33-45), we find with the help of Eq. (33-48b) that... 

The relaxation of a local mode is characterized by the time-dependent anomalous correlations the rate of the relaxation is expressed through the non-stationary displacement correlation function. The non-linear integral equations for this function has been derived and solved numerically. In the physical meaning, the equation is the self-consistency condition of the time-dependent phonon subsystem. We found that the relaxation rate exhibits a critical behavior it is sharply increased near a specific (critical) value(s) of the interaction the corresponding dependence is characterized by the critical index k — 1, where k is the number of the created phonons. In the close vicinity of the critical point(s) the rate attains a very high value comparable to the frequency of phonons. 

We will now develop the equations used to compute the local mode energies. After defining the local mode Hamiltonian, we will convert it into the normal coordinates that were used to define the basis sets used for the dynamical calculations. The local mode Hamiltonian, for mode /, is defined in terms of the harmonic oscillator potential (except for the initially excited stretch, as described later)... 

Equations (145) and (146) constitute the operational equations used to compute the local mode energies. 

Theoretical calculations of surface phonon dispersion have been carried out in two ways. One method is to use a Green s function technique which treats the surface as a perturbation of the bulk periodicity in the z-direction [34, 35]. The other is a slab dynamics calculation in which the crystal is represented by a slab of typically 15-30 layers thick, and periodic boundary conditions are employed to treat interactions outside the unit cell as the equations of motion for each atom are solved [28, 33, 35, 37]. In the latter both the bulk and the surface modes are found and the surface localized modes are identified by the decay of the vibrational amplitudes into the bulk in the former the surface modes can be obtained directly. When the frequency of a surface mode lies within a bulk band of the same symmetry, then hybridization can take place. In this event the mode can no longer be regarded as strictly surface localized and is referred to as a surface resonance [24]. Figure 8, adapted from Benedek and Toennies [24], shows how the bulk and surface modes develop as more and more layers are taken in a slab dynamics calculation. 

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