Load-haul-dumps

In modern advanced underground mine, the applications of articulated vehicles are widely, such as load-haul-dump (LHD) and articulated dump truck. The most significant concerns of mine companies are safety and productivity. Fortunately, the autonomous driving system is one of the solutions. 

Ridley, R, and P. Corke, 2003, Load Haul Dump Vehicle Kinematics and Control Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control, v. 125, p. 54. 

At some stage in the size-reduction process, the broken salt is transported to the surface. Belt conveyors are used in the crushing and screening operation. Various types of vehicles, suited to the characteristics of individual mines, deliver the salt to the primary crusher or the shafts, for hoisting to the surface. Vehicles include ffont-end loaders and diesel trucks. Low-profile end-loaders of relatively small capacity are used when roofs are low. Load-haul-dump (LHD) units, needing only one operator/driver, can collect, transport, and deliver salt to a crusher. 

Powered haulage includes dozers, motor graders, haulage trucks, front-end loaders, load-haul-dump units (LHDs), train locomotives and rail cars, shuttle cars, forklifts, conveyors, and mine skips. Characteristics of this equipment, such as weight, horsepower, speed, and the ability to travel long distances create tremendous potential and/or kinetic energy. This, in turn, creates environments for serious accidents and injuries. 

Two designs of load-haul-dump free-steered vehicles (known locally as the Rhino and the Domino) were used in the mine for underground materials transfer. Unfortunately, the relative position of the forward and reverse on the gear selector was exactly the opposite from one machine to the other, as shown in Figure 3.2. This would not have caused any problems if drivers were trained on one specific machine and subsequently only ever drove that machine. However, initial operator training on the surface used one or other machine (dependent on availability) with successful trainees licensed to drive both. In addition, it was not uncommon for operators to change machines during a shift. In this circumstance errors are, quite simply, inevitable. 

A rabber-tyied vehicle used (primarily) for the movement of supplies and coal/ore around the mine. Free-steered refers to the fact that it does not run on rails. Several versions of these machines exist depending on their primary use (e.g., some have flat-bed load areas whereas others have buckets). See also Shuttle cars. Load-haul-dumps below. 

In most parts of the world, except India, safflower seed is handled in bulk. In Califomia this is accomplished in large aluminum-sided, bottom-dumping, open-top truck trailers of approximately 10-121 capacity each, two of which are hauled in tandem to a field by a truck tractor unit. The trailers are left by the field to be filled by the farmer, and the tractor unit returns and hauls the full trailers directly to the oil mill or export terminal (in some cases up to 250 km away) or to a closer grain elevator for intermediate storage. In other parts of the United States, safflower is delivered in many types of grain trucking equipment and much of it is delivered to small country elevators where it is stored, cleaned if necessary, and subsequently loaded onto trucks or railroad hopper cars (which can hold between 50 and 701 of safflower seed) for delivery to a buyer. 

Hot materials, such as asphalt, can cause serious thermal bums if contacted with parts of the body. The television show Rescue 911 highhghted a rescne operation that involved hot asphalt. A dump truck used to haul solid hot asphalt to patch holes in the road collided with a car. As a result of the collision, the load of hot asphalt was dumped into the car, covering the driver to the point that he conld not escape. Before rescuers could remove the driver, he suffered severe second- and third-degree thermal bums from the hot asphalt. 

Under the present interpretation of this exception, specially constructed vehicles include heavy-coil vehicles, missile trailers, nitrogen pumps, wire-line trucks, sand storage trailers (not pneumatic or dump trailers used to haul sand), cement pumps, frac pumps, blenders, hydration pumps, and separators. Specially trained drivers are drivers that require extensive training in the operation of complex equipment. The interpretation states that drivers who receive some minimal additional training in the operation of the vehicle, such as being trained to run pumps or otherwise control the unloading and loading processes, do not qualify as specially trained drivers. ... 

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