Load-carrying capacity improvement

Lugs are an improvement of the ear type by the addition of an element to provide lateral stiffening which also serves to improve load-carrying capacity and lateral strength. In high temperature services, unless heavily insulated, lugs are susceptible to distortion. 

In LT systems reactive control is provided to improve the load p.f. and hence its load-carrying capacity, as discussed in Chapter 23. This is achieved by offsetting the inductive content of the load ctirrcnt at the receiving or the consumer end by the use of shunt capacitors and hence support the system by reducing line losses and improving its active load current (/ cos 0) carrying capacity. 

Haltner and Oliver found that several metallic sulphides brought about an improvement in the load-carrying capacity when mixed with molybdenum disulphide. The sulphides included stannic and stannous sulphides, lead sulphide, ferrous suiphide and cuprous and cupric sulphides, and in a standard test procedure there was up to a ten-fold increase in load-carrying capacity. They speculated that the action of the added sulphides was similar to that of extreme-pressure additives in liquid lubricants. This would imply the formation of some protective film on the substrate surface. Pardee later suggested that the effective mechanism was more likely to be oxidation inhibition. An alternative would seem to be the possibility that certain sulphides can act as an additional source of sulphur to form sulphide on the substrate surface, and thus improve adhesion of the molybdenum disulphide, as discussed in the previous chapter. 

The more interesting results obtained were for the use of both additives together, all of which showed a further increase in load-carrying capacity, so that any interaction in these tests was beneficial. The greatest improvement was approximately 39 kg increase in Initial Seizure Load compared with the solution of ZDDP alone. Curiously, 1% of molybdenum disulphide gave only about 18 kg improvement over the ZDDP solution. There was virtually no increase in weld load compared with the ZDDP, and this again suggests that the concentrations of molybdenum disulphide were too low to be very effective. Thorp explained these results on the basis that molybdenum disulphide cannot compete with the base oil for adsorption on the steel surfaces, but can adsorb on top of an adsorbed ZDDP film, but there is no real proof of this explanation. 

There is a general tendency for wear to be reduced in molybdenum disulphide greases, but the improvement is not as great nor as consistent as for load-carrying capacity. Friction is also generally lower. The effects on physical and chemical properties of greases are more complicated, and addition of molybdenum disulphide has been shown to affect the stability of the gel structure, the oxidation resistance and the corrosion resistance. 

Certain performance limitations of vegetable oil basestocks are poor oxidative stability due to bis-allylic protons in the fatty acyl chain, deposit forming tendency, low-temperature solidification, and low hydrolytic stability. Oxidation results in increased acidity, corrosion, viscosity, and volatility of the lubricant. On the other hand, parameters like lubricity, antiwear protection, load carrying capacity, mst prevention, foaming, demulsibility, etc., are mostly additive dependent. Antioxidant additives (4) provide limited improvement of oxidative stability therefore, other approaches are required to improve the above characteristics. 

Friction and wear of metal oxide filled PTFE can be improved by liquid paraffin lubrication, and the friction coefficient decreases by one order of magnitude. On the other hand, the interaction between liquid paraffin oil and metal oxide filled PTFE reduces load-carrying capacity because of absorption on the surface layers of composite. ... 

The reinforcement ratio of the ring beam showed an obvious influence on the load carrying capacity of the joints, and the ductility at the maximum load was improved with the improvement of the inner tube. Meanwhile, the anchorage length 4 and cross-section ratio... 

Modulus Guitars, in their Genesis range, uses a compression molded carbon fiber element to improve load carrying capacity of the neck of resonant tone woods. 

In addition, the load-carrying capacity may be improved by the repulsion between two opposing surfaces bearing PEG chains in good solvents (water), arising from the osmotic pressure developed within the solvent-laden, brush-hke polymer chains. The Pluronic block copolymer... 

One major factor that improves the ultimate load-carrying capacity of elastomers is strain-induced crystallization where the crystallites act as additional cross-links and induce strength by aligning the strong bonds along the direction of deformation. Elastomers that cannot undergo strain-induced... 

It can be seen that the sodium stearate-coated Cu nanoparticles can improve the load-carrying capacity of LP from 300 to 500 N, and at the same load, the WSD of LP containing nanoparticles is smaller than that of pure LP and LP with surfactant sodium stearate. Thus it can be concluded that, at the low loads, the sodium stearate-coated Cu nanoparticles exhibit good antiwear properties and can improve the loadcarrying capacity of base oil. 

Amphiphilic compounds used as additives considerably improve the tribological properties of water [1-13]. The hypothesis of the action of amphiphilic compounds formulated on the basis of experimental results assumes that ordered micellar structures form in the surface phase, and these fill the microirregularities and produce a lubricant film with a liquid crystalline structure. This results in an increase in the real area of contact, reduces pressure, and increases the load-carrying capacity. In a liquid crystalline structure, slip planes are present that considerably reduce the resistance to motion, similar to lubricants containing graphite and molybdenum disulfide. The results presented here confirm this hypothesis and provide information on the influence of the structure of the compounds on the surface activity and tribological properties of their aqueous solutions. 

These characteristics can be further enhanced and their applications widened by fillers, additives, and reinforcements (see Fig. 3-104 [323] and Chapter 2). Compounding properly will yield an almost limitless combination of an increased load-carrying capacity, a reduced coefficient of friction, improved wear resistance, higher mechanical strengths, improved thermal properties, greater fatigue endurance and creep resistance, excellent dimensional stability and reproducibility, and the like. For example, the primary rein-... 

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