Liver other sources

The K vitamins include vitamin Ki, phylloquinone or phytonadione, and vitamin K2 which is a group of compounds, the menaquinones. Menadione, vitamin K3, is a precursor of menaquinone-4. Vitamin K is present in alfalfa and fish livers. Other dietary sources include green vegetables, soybean oil and eggs. A normal diet together with the bacterial synthesis of vitamin K in the gut are usually sufficient to prevent deficiencies in healthy adults. 

A in Rah-liver oil and other sources. 0 Also believed to be a genuine naturally-occurring epoxide the substance o-carotene mono-epoxide [Pg.343]

It appears to the author that the existence of a distinct glucose-6-phosphatase is well established for endoplasmic reticulum of liver, kidney, small intestine, and pancreas but additional studies appear to be required before a similar conclusion may be reached regarding the enzyme from other sources. It should be pointed out, however, that while glucose-6-P hydrolysis by enzymes from many sources may not result from specific glucose-6-phosphatase, this hydrolysis in these tissues may nonetheless be of metabolic significance. 

The cytosolic isozyme from bullfrog liver has an absolute requirement for Mn2+.361 In enzymes from other sources, Fe2+ can serve as an activator instead of Mn2+ provided an additional protein, ferroactivator, is present.362 Ferroactivator had no effect on the Mn2+-stimulated enzyme. 

Similar products were obtained on incubation of monocrotaline (169) with a variety of liver microsomes of mammalian origin (170, 171). The V-oxide 170 was produced by liver microsomes from the rat and guinea pig, along with a pyrrolic derivative presumed to be 172 (170,171), whereas microsome preparations from other sources led to the production of only the pyrrolic derivative (171). Both monocrotaline and crispatine (171) were transformed to unidentified products by Peptococcus heliotrinreducans (166). 

Note When preparations derived from beef liver are tested, the reaction is complete within 30 min. Preparations derived from Aspergillus and other sources may require up to 1 h. In assaying an enzyme of unknown origin, run a titration after 30 min and then at 10-min intervals thereafter. The reaction is complete when two consecutive titrations are the same. 

Very good sources of riboflavin are milk and milk products other sources are beef muscle, liver, kidney, poultry, tomatoes, eggs, green vegetables, and yeast (Table 9-19). 

Because it is difficult to determine this vitamin in foods, there is a scarcity of information on its occurrence. Recent data establish the level in milk as 0.54 mg per liter. Other sources are meats, liver, vegetables, whole grain cereals, and egg yolk. 

Direct determination of trace elements is made in many types of specimens including whole blood, blood plasma or serum, leukocytes, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), breast milk, and sweat. Tissue samples may be obtained by needle biopsy (liver, bone,) or following an autopsy. Hair and nail samples offer a noninvasive means of sampling tissue and are used to assess toxic metal exposure. Measurements of hair and nails for essential elements may be of value on a group basis during studies of severely depleted populations but are of Umited value in the investigation of individual hospital patients. Problems of external contamination from environmental pollution, cosmetics, shampoos, and other sources are difficult to control. ... 

ALP determined by usual biochemical panels reflects total serum concentrations and does not distinguish the source of the isoenzyme (i.e., liver, bone, or some other source). Clinicians must therefore rely on other markers of liver or other organ function or a more tissue-specific determination of ALP to assess the source of ALP. In normal individuals, ALP originates primarily from liver and bone. The bone isoenzyme is the marker of bone formation and is found in osteoblasts. 

The best sources of vitamin B,2 are liver, other organ meats, meat, poultry, fish, clams, and lobster.The Bj2 in spirulina and chlorella are not assimilated, according to researchers. 

The role of glycogen degradation in the liver is to form glucose for export to other tissues when the blood-glucose level is low. Hence, if free glucose is present from some other source such as diet, there is no need to mobilize glycogen. (Consequently, in the liver, the action of phosphorylase is sensitive... 

Infants also may vary in their ability to absorb, metabolize, and excrete ingested medication. Premature and fuU-term infants may not have optimal liver function for the first 2 weeks of fife. Kidney function in full-term infants does not reach maturity until 2 to 4 months of age. Older infants may receive calories from other sources besides breast milk and actually ingest less total drug. ... 

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