Glycogen metabolic movements

Phosphorylation Glycogen Metabolic Movements of Glycogen Fat Metabolic Movements of Fat Protein Metabolic Movements of Protein Tissue Cooperation Liver Muscle Ketone Bodies... 

Activity Like the chemically and physiologically related (R)- noradrenaline (/f)-A., as an adrenal hormone, increases the degradation of glycogen in the liver and of fat in adipose tissue as well as the oxidative metabolism in muscle. As neutrotransmitter of the adrenergic nerve system (R)-A. increases heart rate as a sympathicomimetic, constricts blood vessels of the skin, mucous membranes, and abdominal viscera, and dilates vessels of the skeletal musculature and liver. The relaxation of smooth musculature in the intestine or bronchi effected by (R)-A. leads to a reduction of peristalsis (intestinal movements) or to dilatation of the bronchi. (S)-A. is about 12 times less active than (R)-adrenaline. 

Moreover, as a result of the operation of various ion pumps present in the membranes of the cell, ions may be very unevenly distributed within the various compartments and any factor that modifies the movement of ions through membranes may have an appreciable influence on metabolic processes. For example, Na and ions are required by the membrane ATPase which is believed to be involved in active transport processes, and movements of Ca are becoming increasingly implicated in the control of reactions, for example the breakdown of glycogen. 

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